Thanks, Carlisle, for pointing us to the site. I read the whole thing, including the sidebar links, and can find no explanation of the haplogroups. Can you give us further web pages to read? Elizabeth Message text written by INTERNET:KNOWLTON-L@rootsweb.com >Thanks so much for your interest. Because I am neither scientist nor statistician perhaps the best place to begin would be with my Knowlton surname website: www.ftdna.com/public/knowlton%20surname/ There is raw information there, and more to the point, functional support and descriptions as to how the work is done and who does it, plus lead-ins to other surname sites, most of them far better examples of the genre than my own.< Elizabeth W. Knowlton