Dear Kincaid listers, What I found in compiling the Kincaids in the 1850 and 1860 Census was that there are regions in which Kincaids are very homogenous in where they were born, at least as reported in the census enumerations. In North Carolina and Virginia, particularly, there appeared to be little or no migration into the Kincaid population from outside of North Carolina or Virginia. It appears that the families in these regions remained in those localities for decades without much migration into the population from other states or from immigrants abroad. If that is so, then they should be very stable populations for DNA study in the future, absent frequent non-paternity events.   I did not extract the 1850 and 1860 Slave schedules, because it just lists individual slaves without names and lists the owner without a specific enough location to indicate which Kincaid clearly owned them.   There are several things that will change the appearance of Kincaid distribution between 1860 and 1870.   First, there was the War Between the States or more commonly called, The American Civil War which began in 1861. This would cause, not only military casualties, but dislocation within the theaters of war.   Second, there was the Homestead Act of 1862.   The first act, the Homestead Act of 1862, had earlier been proposed by Northern Republicans but blocked for passage in Congress by Southern Democrats who wanted western lands for slave owners. After the Southern states seceded in 1861 and most of their representatives resigned from Congress, the Republican passed the bill; it was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862. The law required three steps: file an application, improve the land, and file for deed of title. It was available to anyone who had never taken up arms against the U.S. government, including freed slaves, could file an application to claim a federal land grant. The occupant had to be 21 or older or the head of a family, live on the land for five years, and show evidence of having made improvements. From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Act This promoted settlement of western lands and thus migration westward.   There was also the Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln as an executive order on January 1, 1863. With freedom granted the slaves many would adopt the surname of their former masters. This may also be reflected in the 1870 Census. There are very few black or mulatto Kincaids listed in the 1860 Census. So it could be assumed that most of those listed in the 1870 Census had been slaves.   Third, was the completion of the transcontinental railroad which was completed in November 1869.  The completion of the railroad eliminated the need for slower stage and wagon train travel and the perilous journey around Cape Horn to California.   Fourth, the War Between the States not only caused casualties, 650,000 dead combined for the Union and Confederate, but the economic damage to the South was considerable, which also prompted migration out of the South. Armies also traversed the West, East, South and North exposing soldiers to regions they had never visited before. This also planted the seeds of migration. It will be interesting to see how all of these issues are reflected in the United States Federal Census of 1870. Sincerely Norman Kincaide

Norman, you will find that many of the VA Kincaid families in 1850-60 were still in VA(WVA) in later 19th century censuses. Some family members did move on but many stayed near their birth county. There was very little influx from outside, especially into the VA counties which became WVA. Sue Liedtke ----- Original Message ----- From: "Norman Kincaide" <norman.kincaide@yahoo.com> To: <kincaid@rootsweb.com> Sent: Sunday, September 02, 2012 7:54 AM Subject: [KINCAID] 1870 United States Federal Census Dear Kincaid listers, What I found in compiling the Kincaids in the 1850 and 1860 Census was that there are regions in which Kincaids are very homogenous in where they were born, at least as reported in the census enumerations. In North Carolina and Virginia, particularly, there appeared to be little or no migration into the Kincaid population from outside of North Carolina or Virginia. It appears that the families in these regions remained in those localities for decades without much migration into the population from other states or from immigrants abroad. If that is so, then they should be very stable populations for DNA study in the future, absent frequent non-paternity events. I did not extract the 1850 and 1860 Slave schedules, because it just lists individual slaves without names and lists the owner without a specific enough location to indicate which Kincaid clearly owned them. There are several things that will change the appearance of Kincaid distribution between 1860 and 1870. First, there was the War Between the States or more commonly called, The American Civil War which began in 1861. This would cause, not only military casualties, but dislocation within the theaters of war. Second, there was the Homestead Act of 1862. The first act, the Homestead Act of 1862, had earlier been proposed by Northern Republicans but blocked for passage in Congress by Southern Democrats who wanted western lands for slave owners. After the Southern states seceded in 1861 and most of their representatives resigned from Congress, the Republican passed the bill; it was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862. The law required three steps: file an application, improve the land, and file for deed of title. It was available to anyone who had never taken up arms against the U.S. government, including freed slaves, could file an application to claim a federal land grant. The occupant had to be 21 or older or the head of a family, live on the land for five years, and show evidence of having made improvements. From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Act This promoted settlement of western lands and thus migration westward. There was also the Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln as an executive order on January 1, 1863. With freedom granted the slaves many would adopt the surname of their former masters. This may also be reflected in the 1870 Census. There are very few black or mulatto Kincaids listed in the 1860 Census. So it could be assumed that most of those listed in the 1870 Census had been slaves. Third, was the completion of the transcontinental railroad which was completed in November 1869. The completion of the railroad eliminated the need for slower stage and wagon train travel and the perilous journey around Cape Horn to California. Fourth, the War Between the States not only caused casualties, 650,000 dead combined for the Union and Confederate, but the economic damage to the South was considerable, which also prompted migration out of the South. Armies also traversed the West, East, South and North exposing soldiers to regions they had never visited before. This also planted the seeds of migration. It will be interesting to see how all of these issues are reflected in the United States Federal Census of 1870. Sincerely Norman Kincaide For complete information about the Kincaid of all spellings DNA project, including a chart, lineages, and how to participate, go to: www.kincaiddna.org ------------------------------- To unsubscribe from the list, please send an email to KINCAID-request@rootsweb.com with the word 'unsubscribe' without the quotes in the subject and the body of the message