Fwd from another List, lots about migrations! Mary Ann >The Great Migration > >1. Motivations of original colonial ancestors >THE ENGLISH > >1. Social and economic dislocation, caused in part by pressure on feudal >system by inflation resulting from vast amount of new gold and silver >introduced through Spain. >2. Political rivalry between a recently strengthed England and Spain. >3. Richard Hakluyt's "Discourse of Western Planting" provides an >intellectual rationale for colonizing both in Ireland and the New World. >4. Religious upheaval in England encourages various groups to leave. >5. The success of Francis Drake leads englishmen to perceive of the New >World as a land of instant riches, thus serving as a catalyst for >colonization. >6. Development of joint stock companies provides economic base for >colonization (think the Jamestown-Virginia Stock Co, pocahontas timeframe). >7. Failure of the Spanish Armada gives English greater confidence. > >B. THE NON ENGLISH > >1. Blacks introduced, first as indentured servants, then as slaves, after >1619. >2. Dutch and Swedes are incorporated as New York and New Jersey become >english colonies. >3. Huguenots (French Protestants) permitted by English to settle after >forced to leave France. >4. Lowland Scots settle in northern Ireland, then shortly after 1700 come in >large numbers to the English colonies, settling on the frontier and becoming >known as the "Scotch-Irish." >5. Germans, largely from the Panatain, settle on the frontier at same time >as the "Scotch-Irish" and become known as the "Pennsylvania Dutch." >6. After 1750, signficant numbers of Highland Scots are permitted to leave >Scotland to settle in the English colonies, with the promise they will never >fight against the (english) Crown. > >II. MOVEMENT OF ANCESTORS AFTER MAJOR MIGRATION ACROSS THE ATLANTIC OCEAN > >A. Rather static habits of most settlers in the English colonies throughout >the Colonial Era. > >1. Most colonists rarely moved more than 20 miles in their lifetime, except >for Scotch-Irish who moved often. >2. New England religious and social attitudes discouraged much movement, >often required considerable preparation before moves were sanctioned. >3. Southern settlers who came from England found themselves oriented toward >England economically, socially and politically, and by 1776 more than 85% >were still within thirty miles of the Atlantic coast. >4. "Pennsylvania Dutch" though settling most of the frontier from NY South, >rarely moved after selecting a permanent home. > >B. Surge of interest in the West leads to settlement in Tennessee, Kentucky, >and the Ohio Valley after 1750. > >1. Exploration shows great desirability of these areas. >2. Establishment of military roads such as Forbes Road and Braddocks Road >opens the Ohio Valley during the French and Indian War, after 1754. >3. Development of Cumberland Gap and the Wilderness Road open Kentucky. >4. Utilization of the Indian trails of the Great Valley of the Appalachians >brings settlers from Virginia and Maryland to Tennessee, while North >Carolinians use the river valleys of the Holston, Nolichucky and French >Broad to the same part of eastern Tennessee. > >C. Revolutionary War encourages western settlement. > >1. Removal of indians from desired land often justified as part of war >effort. >2. British policy which often discouraged settlement west of Appalachians no >longer operative. >3. Individual states, especially Virginia and North Carolina, encourage >settlement to solidify their claims before 1778. >4. Land speculation rampant. >5. Western land utilized for land bounties given to Revolutionary War >soldiers. >6. Treaty of Paris of 1783 ending the Revolutionary War almost doubles the >area claimed by the U.S. when Britain agrees to a Mississippi River >boundary. > >D. Western Movement escalates during the early national period. > >1. Legislation such as the Northwest Ordinances of 1784 (deciding that the >West will be admitted as states equal to the original 13 colonies), 1785 >(providing for the surveying and orderly sale of western land) and 1787 >(providing specific steps for establishment of territories, then states) >encourages settlement. >2. Challenges to U.S. claims to land north and west of Ohio river by >Britain, and in the far south by Spain leads to heightened American interest >in Ohio and the "Yazoo Strip." >3. The clearing of Indian and British claims to the Ohio Country by the >Treaty of Ft. Greenville and Jay's Treaty in 1795 and Pinckney's Treaty, in >which Spain not only recognizes the American interpretation of the Yazoo >controversy, but guarantees Americans the right to navigate the entire >Mississippi River erased many of the impediments to settlement in these >areas. >4. Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin 1793, making the growing of >upland cotton commercially feasible at a time when European technological >development has led to a major demand for a new source of fibers, greatly >affects the nature and level of western settlement. >A) Southerners with land find a ready sale for it, at unheard of prices, >which gives them the funds to go elsewhere. >B) Even though land suitable for growing of cotton will usually cost between >$15 and $50 per acre, many settlers from the Old South cling to the >traditional pattern of going almost due west, because of the great profits >that can be made from raising cotton. >C) Many southerners break the traditional pattern of settling almost >straight west of where they had lived before and go instead clear up the >Ohio River Valley, settling in southern Ohio, Indiana or Illinois. This is >largely because: >1) Slavery which almost everyone thought was dead, was revitalized because >of the need for dependable cotton cultivators, many left the south because >of an aversion to slavery; >2) Some left because they didn't like blacks, and because the Northwest >Ordinances forbade slavery, they chose to go there; >3) Most who left the south and went to the Ohio Valley probably did so >because they were guaranteed that they could obtain what they considered to >be exceptional fertile land at no more than $1.25 per acre. > >5. Abrupt departure of many people from New England between 1800 and 1810. >a) Appeal of rich land in upstate NY, now free of most Indian claims. >b) Appeal of land in Ohio Valley, especially northern Ohio, Indiana and >Illinois. >c) People moving from New England to Ohio Valley begin raising sheep and >agri products, making it difficult for New Englanders with their generally >poor soil, to compete. >d) Embargo Act of 1807 destroys the New England shipping industry and the >New England economy sags considerably. >e) Much of the traditional New England resistance to individual distant >settlement is fading. >f) The introduction of steamboats, whch make upriver navigation of the >Mississippi and Ohio rivers practical, further enhances the economy of the >area west of New England. >6. The LOUISIANA PURCHASE of 1803 almost doubles the land of the United >States, establishes new opportunities for Americans in the far west, and >entices many young men to settle, grow cotton, trade, trap and explore. > >E. ADDITIONAL FACTORS LEADING TO THE TREMENDOUS SETTLEMENT OF THE FIRST 50 >YEARS OF THE 19th CENTURY. > >1. Canal boom of the 1820s, especially the extremely successful Erie Canal >which drastically lowers the cost of east-west shipping. >2. Changing Indian policy which by 1816 encourages each Indian head of >family to select 640 acreas on which to live or move west of Mississippi >River and by 1826 tells all Indians east of Mississippi they must remove, >thus making much land available, especially for cotton production in the >south. >3. The Adams-Onis Treaty in 1819 gives the U.S. Spain's claim to Florida, >but also to the land north of the 42nd parallel (the northern border of >California). >4. American settlement of Texas, beginning in 1823, which leads to Texas >independence in 1836, admission to the Union in 1845. >5. Development of the railroad as a means of transportation and of >encouraging westward movement. >6. American interest in Oregon soars after 1841, with rapid settlement of >the Willamette River Valley. >7. Mormons, dispossessed from their homes in Missouri and Illinois, go first >to Iowa, then make a major migration to the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, >quickly expanding throughout the Great Basin. >8. The War with Mexico ends with the Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo giving the >Southwest to the U.S. >9. The discovery of large amounts of placer gold in California leads to a >major rush there in 1849 and statehood in 1850. >10. The Pacific Railway Act and Homestead Act in 1862 lead to a further, >effective settlement of the west. >11. The CENSUS of 1890 OFFICIALLY declares that there is no longer a >frontier in the U.S. > >III. IMPORTANT FACTS THAT MAY HELP YOU FIND WHERE YOUR FAMILY CAME FROM OR >WENT. > >A. RULE OF THE HARVEST. Before the 1850s (and McCormick's reaper) families >rarely planted more than they could harvest, which was between 15-25 acres >per able bodied person who could help with the harvest. Finding out how many >acres lyour family cultivated will help you know how many many people were >in the household. >B. IMPORTANCE OF HARDWOOD TREES. In both the North and the South, >conventional wisdom (and you thought it was a '90s soundbite!) indicated >that land covered with hardwood trees was the best, while grassland was to >be avoided. Despite the great difficulty of clearing land covered with oaks >and maples, that was the land most likely selected by your ancestors prior >to the 1820s. >C. FAMILIES WHO MADE THEIR LIVING PIONEER FARMING rarely moved unless they >had enough means to live on for at least 2 years, or had someone who would >provide for them this long. This is due to the fact that it took 2 years to >go through the process of converting a hardwood forest into an economically >viable farm. If your family moved, it usually meant they had enough money to >survive for 2 years without much add'l income, or enough $ to buy an already >improved farm. Few poverty stricken people (PSP)moved west, but a fair >number of PSPs moved east. >D. MOST SETTLERS BEFORE 1800 at least in the North, moved west during the >winter, usually in January and early February. Expect your families to have >moved then, not in the summer. >E. With a new notable exceptions, your ancestors MOVED ALMOST DUE WEST, >rarely deviating more than a few degrees up or down. >F. IF YOUR ANCESTORS WERE IN NEW ENGLAND PRIOR TO 1700, expect them to stay >very close to the same site until 1800. By 1810, they will most likely be in >upstate New York, by 1820 in northern Ohio, Indiana or Illinois, and by 1850 >perhaps in Iowa, Oregon, California or Utah. >G. TOWNS SETTLED BY NEW ENGLANDERS usually had streets running north-south >and east-west, while towns settled by Southernors often placed less emphasis >on grid patterns. > >TRAVEL ROUTES. > >COLONIAL ROADS TO 1750. As one of the earliest east-west wagon roads, the >Lancaster road linked Philadelphia to Harrisburg before 1730. A connection >from Lancaster to Winchester, Virginia, in the early 1740s, created what was >either called the Philadelphia Wagon Road or the Great Valley Road. The Fall >Line Road crossed Virginia and the Carolinas, and eventually into Georgia. >By 1746, the Pioneer's Road had connected Alexandria to Winchester, >Virginia, joining with the Great Valley Road. By 1748, the Upper Road became >an important wagon route for migrations into the Carolinas. > >THE WAY WEST, 1775-1795. Daniel Boone's Wilderness Road was the route for >thousands of settlers into Kentucky. Meanwhile the western Pennsylvania >routes provided an overland access to the Ohio River. After the >Revolutionary War, western migrations on these routes continued to increase. > > - ------------------------------------------------- Mary Ann Kaylor My Family Genealogy http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~makaylor/index.htm KAYLOR & TEDROW lineages included In IL - Morgan Area Genealogical Ass. & Waverly GS http://www.rootsweb.com/~ilmaga/index.html KAYLOR MAIL LIST To subscribe: KAYLOR-L-request@rootsweb.com KAYLOR GenConnect Cluster Boards http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/surnames/k/a/KAYLOR/queries http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/surnames/k/a/KAYLOR/bible_records http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/surnames/k/a/KAYLOR/biographies http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/surnames/k/a/KAYLOR/deeds http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/surnames/k/a/KAYLOR/obituaries http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/surnames/k/a/KAYLOR/pensions http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/surnames/k/a/KAYLOR/wills KALER MAIL LIST To subscribe: KALER-L-request@rootsweb.com TEDROW MAIL LIST To subscribe: TEDROW-L-request@rootsweb.com