I'm new to Irish Palatine genealogy and need some direction. I am looking for the John Baker family that probably came from Ballingrane, Limerick to the New York City in Jul 1786 and then on to Washington County, NY. He was a member of the Ashgrove Methodist Church. I'm trying to find the names of his children. If one of his sons was born in 1782, would there be Protestant church records in Ballingrane? Does anyone know where to find ships lists for this period? Any help would be greatly appreciated. Debbie S

Goodday Pat Sorry to say I can't get the address to work--any suggestions?"All the best for the New Year" Larry ----- Original Message ----- From: Pat Seger <seger001@gold.tc.umn.edu> To: <IRL-PALATINE-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Thursday, January 01, 2004 1:32 PM Subject: [IP] Jane Black > Sorry Larry I have not found anything for the years from 1842 - 44. I am > hopeful the following might have some passenger lists attached > > Route Country Shipname Searchdate Captain Nat1 > Nat2 Nat3 Roll List > LIMERICK Ireland JANE BLACK 5/2/1844 GOWMAN, TIMOTHY Ireland > 54 243 > LIMERICK Ireland JANE BLACK 1/28/1850 GORMAN, TIMOTHY Ireland > 86 68 > > http://www.cimorelli.com/cgi-bin/safescripts/select18201850.asp?FMONTH=01&FD AY=0 > 1&FYEAR=1842&Beginwith=J&Sortname=Shipname&whichpage=12 > > > > Jane Black was built in Quebec 1St registered in Quebec then re > registered in london in April 1842. > Arrived in port of Limerick March 12, 1842 > Left April 11,1842 from Lemerick for Quebec City with 417 passengers (1 of > which was my ggrandfather John Miller) > Struck rocks 10 miles east of Pointe des Monts light about 1:00 am May 10, > 1842 > Was run aground all pasengers saved but only about 6 days provisions > Set up camp on shore with help of Indians stayed for 9 days until help > arrived from Quebec City > The "jane Black" was refloated repaired outfitted and sailed back to > Limerick in November 1842. > Passengers arrived in Quebec city May 23 1842 > Timothy Gorman was captian except for shot voyage until she was lost at sea > Nov 30,1858 > > This info was found in the 'Limerick Reporter', 'Limerick Chronical', 'The > Quebec Gazette' and a letter written by John Lowes to his parents. > > ---- > Pat Seger > seger001@gold.tc.umn.edu > > > > ==== IRL-PALATINE Mailing List ==== > Be the best you can be right where you are. >

http://www.cimorelli.com/cgi-bin/safescripts/select18201850.asp?FMONTH=01&FDAY=01&FYEAR=1842&Beginwith=J&Sortname=Shipname&whichpage=12 Hopefully this will work for you.... --------------------------------- Do you Yahoo!? Find out what made the Top Yahoo! Searches of 2003

Sorry Larry I have not found anything for the years from 1842 - 44. I am hopeful the following might have some passenger lists attached Route Country Shipname Searchdate Captain Nat1 Nat2 Nat3 Roll List LIMERICK Ireland JANE BLACK 5/2/1844 GOWMAN, TIMOTHY Ireland 54 243 LIMERICK Ireland JANE BLACK 1/28/1850 GORMAN, TIMOTHY Ireland 86 68 http://www.cimorelli.com/cgi-bin/safescripts/select18201850.asp?FMONTH=01&FDAY=0 1&FYEAR=1842&Beginwith=J&Sortname=Shipname&whichpage=12 Jane Black was built in Quebec 1St registered in Quebec then re registered in london in April 1842. Arrived in port of Limerick March 12, 1842 Left April 11,1842 from Lemerick for Quebec City with 417 passengers (1 of which was my ggrandfather John Miller) Struck rocks 10 miles east of Pointe des Monts light about 1:00 am May 10, 1842 Was run aground all pasengers saved but only about 6 days provisions Set up camp on shore with help of Indians stayed for 9 days until help arrived from Quebec City The "jane Black" was refloated repaired outfitted and sailed back to Limerick in November 1842. Passengers arrived in Quebec city May 23 1842 Timothy Gorman was captian except for shot voyage until she was lost at sea Nov 30,1858 This info was found in the 'Limerick Reporter', 'Limerick Chronical', 'The Quebec Gazette' and a letter written by John Lowes to his parents. ---- Pat Seger seger001@gold.tc.umn.edu

Goodday again --I sent this in this morning & have not seen come up,so I'm resending it! "All the best of the season" Larry Healey Goodday all I checked the ships list & from what I could find there wasn't a passenger list for the Jane black until 1845--is there a list of passengers for 1842 up to 1845? ? ? ? There is a good chance my Sherwood & Steep families were on them as they left Limerick in that time period. ANY help is appreciated. Larry Healey Campbellford,Ont.

Hi Pat I don't have the 1995 IPA Journal to check the article you mention, however I do have a relative that travelled aboard the Jane Black. Jane MILLER (nee PIPER) and her family travelled on the ship from Ireland to Canada in the autumn of 1842. This would appear to the voyage after the Jane Black was shipwrecked on 10 May 1842 after a heavy squall combined with a snow storm, about 250 miles from Quebec. All 417 passengers were landed safely (not so their provisions or possessions) on a desolate coast. Tents were erected from the sails of the ship, assisted by some local Indians they were fortunate enough to encounter. The captain was taken to the oppostie shore by the Indians and he trekked to Quebec to request urgent assistance. A steamer was sent immediately for their rescue. Initially the ship was thought to be a total wreck, however in July the captain returned to the ship with carpenters, etc to endeavour to raise the ship. He was successful as it arrived in Quebec in early August and was being rebuit being cleared by late September. I would suggest you look at the website "The Ships List" for more information on this incident at http://www.theshipslist.com/ Cheers Annette Piper Australia ----- Original Message ----- From: "Pat Seger" <seger001@gold.tc.umn.edu> To: <IRL-PALATINE-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Tuesday, December 30, 2003 9:03 AM Subject: [IP] information on ship "JANE BLACK" / 1995 IPA journal > would anyone have information on the ship "Jane Black" before 1847 ? - > > I saw a listing that 1995 (no. 6) of the Irish Palatine Association Journal > had an article on her maiden voyage. > > many thanks in advance > > Pat Seger > > ---- > Pat Seger > seger001@gold.tc.umn.edu > > > > ==== IRL-PALATINE Mailing List ==== > To subscribe or unsubscribe from this list use the following: > IRL-PALATINE-l-request@rootsweb.com > Put either the word, subscribe, or unsubscribe in the subject line and body of the message. > >

HI LARRY AND EVERYONE.............I AM CURIOUS ABOUT THE SHIPS LISTS. I HAVE FAMILY THAT EMIGRATED FROM IRELAND TO UPPER CANADA BEFORE THE FAMINE AND I CANNOT FIND THEIR NAMES ANYWHERE. I HAD NOT HEARD OF THE "JANE BLACK" UNTIL NOW AND WOULD LIKE TO CHECK IT OUT. ANY IDEA WHERE TO FIND IT ?? THANKS BETTY FROM UPSTATE NY

Goodday all I checked the ships list & from what I could find there wasn't a passender list for the Jane blck until 1845--is there a list of passengers for 1842 up to 1845? ? ? ? There is a good chance my Sherwood & Steep families were on them as they left Limerick in that time period. ANY help is appreciated. Larry Healey Campbellford,Ont.

would anyone have information on the ship "Jane Black" before 1847 ? - I saw a listing that 1995 (no. 6) of the Irish Palatine Association Journal had an article on her maiden voyage. many thanks in advance Pat Seger ---- Pat Seger seger001@gold.tc.umn.edu

Hi, I am researching the Stroud Family, Michael and Elizabeth(Alton). They came from Kilifianne Parish in Limerick, Ireland about the year 1832. They had six children and kept a lodging or boarding house in Lucknow, Ont. Can. Any information about these people would be appreciated. Anne Craig texgenie@robsoncom.net

After nearly 40 years of working on the descendants of Johann Henrich Stark (1664-) of Rathkeale I would like to hear from any/all descendants before I distribute the "final" copy of the research gathered to date. At this point I have information on 800+ descendants and their families and additional data on Irish Stark lines from County Limerick that I have not been able to connect. If you have a Stark line that you would like to have included please send me your full contact information so that I can send you a copy of the draft text. Merry Christmas, Tom Thomas Jay Kemp Godfrey Memorial Library 134 Newfield Street Middletown, CT 06457-2534 Phone: 860-346-4375 Fax: 860-347-9874 Email: TKemp@Godfrey.org Web site: http://www.godfrey.org

Hearing you loud and clear. Ask away. Terry Jackson in Oxfordshire Researching: Lancs - SMITH, MCDONNELL, HAYES Ches.- MCDONNELL, GARNER, HOOLEY Staffs.- GARNER Surrey - WILKINSON, CHANDLER, FRY, PARRATT, PUNTER, LITTLE, ARNOLD, BINFIELD ----- Original Message ----- From: "Robert Glazier" <bglazier@sympatico.ca> To: <IRL-PALATINE-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Sunday, December 21, 2003 6:20 PM Subject: [IP] Mail > Since regoing the list onDecember 08 2003 Ihave not been able to contact the list nor am I unable to receive any messages.Doyou have any suggestions > > > ==== IRL-PALATINE Mailing List ==== > List Administrator: > Susan Laursen Willig > IRL-PALATINE-admin@rootsweb.com > >

Hello IP friends, it's Christmas, everyone is busy, visiting, baking, shoppping & entertaining. MERRY CHRISTMAS ALL Norma ----- Original Message ----- From: "carrol mick" <carrolmick@yahoo.com> To: <IRL-PALATINE-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Sunday, December 21, 2003 4:10 PM Subject: Re: [IP]Mail > I have not received anything either but I thought the list was down. > > Carrol > > > > > --------------------------------- > Do you Yahoo!? > New Yahoo! Photos - easier uploading and sharing > > > ==== IRL-PALATINE Mailing List ==== > The greatest influence in your life, stronger even than your will power, > Is your environment. Change that, if necessary. Paramahansa Yogananda > --- Outgoing mail is certified Virus Free. Checked by AVG anti-virus system (http://www.grisoft.com). Version: 6.0.554 / Virus Database: 346 - Release Date: 12/20/2003

I don't think anyone has been active for awhile. I haven't received anything either. Judy

Since regoing the list onDecember 08 2003 Ihave not been able to contact the list nor am I unable to receive any messages.Doyou have any suggestions

I have not received anything either but I thought the list was down. Carrol --------------------------------- Do you Yahoo!? New Yahoo! Photos - easier uploading and sharing

Hello Listers, I have been a member of the Kerry List for several years and a friend from that list suggested I try this list since my surname may have Palatine origins. I am the great, great grandson of John and Ellen Patt. Apparently my great, great grandparents were married in St. Mary's Church in Limerick in 1823 (date approximate). They lived in the townland of Littor, near Ballylongford in North Kerry. Ellen worked as a house servant in the Littor House, now owned by the King family. I have communicated with Genevieve King the current resident and owner. She was a small child when my GGGM worked there. She could not give me much info. John Patt and Ellen Fitzgerald. Ellen was born 3/21/1802, John in 1804. Ellen's parents were William Fitzgerald and Eliza Mc Mahon. Both John and Ellen died in their 70th year. They had six children: Ellen (1827), Honora (1829), Margaret (1832), Bridget (1835), Thomas (1841) and Mary (1844). I have a good deal of info about Thomas, a little more about Bridget, but just what is here about his other sisters. I would be eternally appreciative if you could direct me how I might to obtain John and Ellen's marriage certificate, any information about John, his parents, any siblings and any records on their six children listed above. Thank you and God bless, Robert Pattwell 283 Michigan Avenue Massapequa Park, New York 11762, U.S.A. goldcastle@earthlink.net <mailto:goldcastle@earthlink.net>

Brenda, Thank you so much for your response which I found extrenely helpful. Like yourself, my wife has been able to estabish a direct link back to Sebastian through Daniel (Son of Sebastian), George (Son of Daniel), David (Son of George), Thomas (Son of David) through to my father in law, William, (1876-1961), who was a son of Thomas. I do not have a date of birth for William Ruttle except ABT 1804 - Maybe someone out there has - and while I have no evidence, I tend to believe that he may have been a son of William and Anne Ruttle who were married ABT 1804, Anne being a daughter of Daniel and Barbara. Let us look at some of the names you mention: a) Joseph RUTTLE who was married at Nantenan on 31 July 1896 to my wife's Aunt Elizabeth RUTTLE (Born ABT 1872) Their family was: 1) William John - Born 21 November 1897. Died four hours later. 2) Edward (Eddie) - Born 6 August 1901 Died 22 December 1975 3) William - Born 30 July 1902 Died 29 December 1961 4) Louisa May - Born 18 March 1904 5) Annie Elizabeth - Born 30 January 1910 Died 14 March 1911 6) Francis Joseph - Born 16 July 1914 Died January 1972 b) Edward Martin RUTTLE. I am currently trying to establish his date of birth. He married another of my wife's aunts, Clarinda RUTTLE (Born November 1878 Died 16 January 1965) on 11 June 1908. Their family was 1) William - Born 19 August 1909 Died 18 August 1991 2) Joseph Heny - Born 4 January 1911 Died 29 December 2001 3) Catherine Elizabeth - Born 12 May 1913 Died 2 May 1981 4) Annie Elizabeth - LIVING 5) Thomas Edward - Born 27 September 1917 Died 31 December 1958 Edward died on 26 May 1940 c) Thomas RUTTLE - I know nothing about him - maybe someone else does ! d) Annie RUTTLE, who you say married a George TESKEY. From information I have on Anne RUTTLE, she was born at Castle Hewson, Ireland on 27 November 1873 and was married at Askeaton, Ireland on 21 June 1911 to George TESKEY (Born 24 October 1874 Died 1950) Their family includes 1) Henry Joseph TESKEY 2) George Edward TESKEY 3) Annie Elizabeth TESKEY e) We come to Daniel RUTTLE, conceived from the second marriage. I have Diana as a daughter (Born 2 April 1881) and possibly a Rosanna (Born 1 April 1875). I have no record of William, Janet, Mary or Rose. The son, Sam, who was born on 27 July 1883 was married in Adare on 4 November 1916 to Annie RUTTLE, a daughter of John RUTTLE. They had a daughter Mary. Sam died in March 1935. I hope this has been of help and would be happy to add to the above should you so wish. Derek Gree,.Oakham, England

Hi I can't see any obvious connections but have several of the above names in my ancestry on my fathers side. My maiden name was SWITZER and I briefly laid out the Switzer Ruckle/Ruttle connection on a previous mail. I also have a Lawrence link My Great grandfather was Gilbert LAWRENCE born 1859 near Chesley, Ontario. His forebears are referred to as 'Pennsylvania Dutch, United Empire Loyalist stock. That is all I know about his ancestors. I would welcome any clues or enlightenment. Terry Jackson in Oxfordshire Researching: Lancs - SMITH, MCDONNELL, HAYES Ches.- MCDONNELL, GARNER, HOOLEY Staffs.- GARNER Surrey - WILKINSON, CHANDLER, FRY, PARRATT, PUNTER, LITTLE, ARNOLD, BINFIELD Ireland: Switzer, Ruttle Canada: Switzer, Ruttle, Lawrence, Jackman ----- Original Message ----- From: "Howard Ray Lawrence" <howardl@inreach.com> To: <IRL-PALATINE-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Wednesday, November 12, 2003 5:38 PM Subject: [IP] LORENTZ, LAURENCE,LAWRENCE, ROECKEL, SWITZER, BENNER, BEACROFT, MILLER. . . > Johann Nicolaus LORENTZ, b. 1670, Kaiserslautern, The Palatinate, married Margrath ROECKEL, b. about 1675. > The name LORENTZ was Anglicized to LAURENCE/LAWRENCE in Ireland. > > Children: > Peter (LAURENCE) LAWRENCE, Sr., b 1704, Killiheen, Limerick, Ireland, m. >1740, Catherine ______. > He died in 1763, Killiheen, Limerick, Ireland. > > Their children were, the following: > John LAWRENCE, Sr., 1742, Ballingrane, County Limerick, Ireland, m. c. 1775, Margaret SWITZER, b. 16May1743, Court Matrix, Ireland. > Margaret SWITZER is the widow of Philip EMBURY, the first Methodist preacher in NYC and North America. > Peter LAWRENCE, Jr, b. 1761, Kilscannel, Limerick, Ireland, m. 05Oct1778, Sarah Barwick, Trinity Church Parish, NYC. > > His second marriage on 7 OCT 1765 was to Agnes (Benor) (Bennor) BENNER, b. 1731, Courtmatrix or Shehanagh, Limerick, Ireland. > Their children were, the following: > (1) Elizabeth LAWRENCE, b. 1754, > > (2) Loyalist Captain George LAWRENCE, Sr.Butler's Rangers, Fort Niagara, and The War of 1812, b. 26Mar1757, Ballingrane, Limerick, Ireland, m. Sarah (Sary) BEACROFT. > He died on 5Aug1848, Lawrenceville, aka Virgil, near Niagara, Ontario, Upper Canada. > They are buried in Methodist Cemetery, Virgil. > > (3) Agnes LAWRENCE, b. 1763, d. 12Sep1764, Parish Church, Rathkeale, Limerick, Ireland. > > So, John LAWRENCE and George LAWRENCE are half-brothers. > > Agnes BENNER, widowed, remarried to Peter MILLER. > > To summarize my relationship to the following persons: > George LAWRENCE and Sarah BEACROFT are my 3 x great grandparents. > John LAWRENCE, Sr. is my 3 x great (half-) uncle. > > Agnes BENNER and Peter (LAURENCE) LAWRENCE, Sr. are my 4 x great grandparents. > > Johann Nicolaus LORENTZ and Margrath ROECKEL are my 5 x great grandparents. > (We are hoping to determine their parents.) > > Further, to connect my descendancy from George LAWRENCE, see the following information: > > George LAWRENCE m. Sarah (Sary) BEACROFT ---> > William LAWRENCE m Mary CUDNEY ---> > William Francis LAWRENCE m. Elizabeth Ann LONGSTREET ---> > Sylvester LAWRENCE m. Araminta PALMER ---> > Ray Palmer LAWRENCE m. Ina Mabel SHARP ---> > Howard Ray LAWRENCE m. Katharine Marie MULVANY ----> > Living children. > > Note: > Elizabeth Ann LONGSTREET is the granddaughter of Loyalist Captain John LONGSTREET, Jr., 1st N.J. Volunteers and King's Rangers. > > Finally, > I suspect that the LORENTZ name originates in Alsace-Lorraine, France. > Possibly a Huguenot family, it may have migrated to The Palatinate after The Thirty Years' War (1648). > And, it fled to Limerick, Ireland during the Catholic attacks of Louis XIV, The Sun King, against the Protestants. > Thirty Years' War was series of European conflicts lasting from 1618 to 1648. It involvied most of the countries of western Europe; and it was fought mainly in Germany. The struggle was primarily based on the profound religious antagonism engendered among Germans by the events of the Protestant Reformation. Religious animosity existed especially among non-German adherents of the contending Protestant and Roman Catholic factions. It broadened the war ; and it was a substantial factor in its later stages. As the struggle gained momentum its direction and character were decisively influenced by other issues, including the dynastic rivalries of ambitious German princes and the determination of certain European powers. This was notably seen in Sweden and France, to curb the power of the Holy Roman Empire. The chief political instrument of Austria and the ruling Habsburg family was the Holy Roman Empire. These religious hatreds flared into the Thirty Years' War. Primarily, this ! > situation had resulted from the weaknesses of the Peace of Augsburg, an agreement concluded in 1555 between the Holy Roman emperor and the Lutheran princes of Germany. This war was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history; and it may be divided into four phases, as follows: Palatine-Bohemian (1618-25), Danish (1625-29), Swedish (1630-35), and French (1635-48). > > It is interesting to note that there were marriages between LAWRENCE and others related to these Palatine-Bohemian and French backgrounds. For example, Martha Ann Lawrence m. William Timothy Beam. The Beam family was originally Bohemian (Checklosovakian), and migrated to Germany, Switzerland, and Upper CANADA.) Aaron Beam m. Sarah Ann Miller, and William Timothy Beam was their son. Rebecca Catharine (Katie) Beam, their daughter, married 5 January1887 Sylvester Lawrence. They had one child, Lorni B. (Beam) Lawrence. Both died shortly after childbirth. So, my grandfather married Araminta PALMER in 29MAR1893 in Mt. Pleasant, Michigan. Araminta PALMER is the daughter of Araminta WOODRUFF. And, her mother was Annie LAMOREAUX, descendant of a Huguenot family. The Palatine connections are evident in the LAWRENCE family marriages. Even though the LAWRENCEs, according to Calvin LAWRENCE, thought they were "Irish", their sense of connections seemed to be Palatine-connected. But it ! > should be noted that both SHARP and LAWRENCE descendants have very deep English roots as found in both The Great (English) Migration and the early English settlers of The American Colonies. > > It is possible to see in these events the need to separate church from state. The terrifying power of theocracy as evidenced in The Inquisition and these wars, seems to have been abated in our Constitution and Bill of Rights. But, there still remains a residue of caution, and a need for vigilance, in such matters. And, such concern has been passed down generation-after-generation in many of these Palatine and Huguenot families. > > I would be very interested in communicating with any of these connected families. > > > > > > > ==== IRL-PALATINE Mailing List ==== > List Administrator: > Susan Laursen Willig > IRL-PALATINE-admin@rootsweb.com > >

Johann Nicolaus LORENTZ, b. 1670, Kaiserslautern, The Palatinate, married Margrath ROECKEL, b. about 1675. The name LORENTZ was Anglicized to LAURENCE/LAWRENCE in Ireland. Children: Peter (LAURENCE) LAWRENCE, Sr., b 1704, Killiheen, Limerick, Ireland, m. >1740, Catherine ______. He died in 1763, Killiheen, Limerick, Ireland. Their children were, the following: John LAWRENCE, Sr., 1742, Ballingrane, County Limerick, Ireland, m. c. 1775, Margaret SWITZER, b. 16May1743, Court Matrix, Ireland. Margaret SWITZER is the widow of Philip EMBURY, the first Methodist preacher in NYC and North America. Peter LAWRENCE, Jr, b. 1761, Kilscannel, Limerick, Ireland, m. 05Oct1778, Sarah Barwick, Trinity Church Parish, NYC. His second marriage on 7 OCT 1765 was to Agnes (Benor) (Bennor) BENNER, b. 1731, Courtmatrix or Shehanagh, Limerick, Ireland. Their children were, the following: (1) Elizabeth LAWRENCE, b. 1754, (2) Loyalist Captain George LAWRENCE, Sr.Butler's Rangers, Fort Niagara, and The War of 1812, b. 26Mar1757, Ballingrane, Limerick, Ireland, m. Sarah (Sary) BEACROFT. He died on 5Aug1848, Lawrenceville, aka Virgil, near Niagara, Ontario, Upper Canada. They are buried in Methodist Cemetery, Virgil. (3) Agnes LAWRENCE, b. 1763, d. 12Sep1764, Parish Church, Rathkeale, Limerick, Ireland. So, John LAWRENCE and George LAWRENCE are half-brothers. Agnes BENNER, widowed, remarried to Peter MILLER. To summarize my relationship to the following persons: George LAWRENCE and Sarah BEACROFT are my 3 x great grandparents. John LAWRENCE, Sr. is my 3 x great (half-) uncle. Agnes BENNER and Peter (LAURENCE) LAWRENCE, Sr. are my 4 x great grandparents. Johann Nicolaus LORENTZ and Margrath ROECKEL are my 5 x great grandparents. (We are hoping to determine their parents.) Further, to connect my descendancy from George LAWRENCE, see the following information: George LAWRENCE m. Sarah (Sary) BEACROFT ---> William LAWRENCE m Mary CUDNEY ---> William Francis LAWRENCE m. Elizabeth Ann LONGSTREET ---> Sylvester LAWRENCE m. Araminta PALMER ---> Ray Palmer LAWRENCE m. Ina Mabel SHARP ---> Howard Ray LAWRENCE m. Katharine Marie MULVANY ----> Living children. Note: Elizabeth Ann LONGSTREET is the granddaughter of Loyalist Captain John LONGSTREET, Jr., 1st N.J. Volunteers and King's Rangers. Finally, I suspect that the LORENTZ name originates in Alsace-Lorraine, France. Possibly a Huguenot family, it may have migrated to The Palatinate after The Thirty Years' War (1648). And, it fled to Limerick, Ireland during the Catholic attacks of Louis XIV, The Sun King, against the Protestants. Thirty Years' War was series of European conflicts lasting from 1618 to 1648. It involvied most of the countries of western Europe; and it was fought mainly in Germany. The struggle was primarily based on the profound religious antagonism engendered among Germans by the events of the Protestant Reformation. Religious animosity existed especially among non-German adherents of the contending Protestant and Roman Catholic factions. It broadened the war ; and it was a substantial factor in its later stages. As the struggle gained momentum its direction and character were decisively influenced by other issues, including the dynastic rivalries of ambitious German princes and the determination of certain European powers. This was notably seen in Sweden and France, to curb the power of the Holy Roman Empire. The chief political instrument of Austria and the ruling Habsburg family was the Holy Roman Empire. These religious hatreds flared into the Thirty Years' War. Primarily, this ! situation had resulted from the weaknesses of the Peace of Augsburg, an agreement concluded in 1555 between the Holy Roman emperor and the Lutheran princes of Germany. This war was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history; and it may be divided into four phases, as follows: Palatine-Bohemian (1618-25), Danish (1625-29), Swedish (1630-35), and French (1635-48). It is interesting to note that there were marriages between LAWRENCE and others related to these Palatine-Bohemian and French backgrounds. For example, Martha Ann Lawrence m. William Timothy Beam. The Beam family was originally Bohemian (Checklosovakian), and migrated to Germany, Switzerland, and Upper CANADA.) Aaron Beam m. Sarah Ann Miller, and William Timothy Beam was their son. Rebecca Catharine (Katie) Beam, their daughter, married 5 January1887 Sylvester Lawrence. They had one child, Lorni B. (Beam) Lawrence. Both died shortly after childbirth. So, my grandfather married Araminta PALMER in 29MAR1893 in Mt. Pleasant, Michigan. Araminta PALMER is the daughter of Araminta WOODRUFF. And, her mother was Annie LAMOREAUX, descendant of a Huguenot family. The Palatine connections are evident in the LAWRENCE family marriages. Even though the LAWRENCEs, according to Calvin LAWRENCE, thought they were "Irish", their sense of connections seemed to be Palatine-connected. But it ! should be noted that both SHARP and LAWRENCE descendants have very deep English roots as found in both The Great (English) Migration and the early English settlers of The American Colonies. It is possible to see in these events the need to separate church from state. The terrifying power of theocracy as evidenced in The Inquisition and these wars, seems to have been abated in our Constitution and Bill of Rights. But, there still remains a residue of caution, and a need for vigilance, in such matters. And, such concern has been passed down generation-after-generation in many of these Palatine and Huguenot families. I would be very interested in communicating with any of these connected families.