Hi Joan, Let me see if I can better explain this for you. The first stage of survey and mapping of the Sumner and Stewart cemeteries that has previously been described here is intended to identify areas where the potential for unmarked graves is likely. This is accomplished by creating an accurate site map and monument database for analysis of both the existing site features and conditions, as well as, interpretation of any available historical documentation. Areas devoid of surface features and monuments, but that may contain unmarked burials are far easier to interpret in this manner. With regard to any further subsurface imaging work, the purpose of this level of investigation is to identify areas for possible future cemetery use by the Township and for parties interested in being buried here. Obviously, the last thing anyone wants to happen would be the accidental disturbance of unmarked remains; particularly during the funeral of a person who has purchased a gravesite. Careful subsurface imaging of the areas identified during the initial investigation will reveal any man-made disturbances that are consistent with the size, shape and orientation of human burials and will ensure that all previously disturbed ground is avoided. In this way, the undisturbed areas may be deemed appropriate for future cemetery use and sale. It is important to understand that there is no attempt to differentiate between "stone and bone", and the contents of the grave disturbance are really not a consideration unless they provide additional unequivocal identification as a gravesite, i.e. metal caskets, vaults, etc. Essentially, if the ground has been disturbed below the surface and or if a preponderance of all of the available evidence suggests that there is probability of previous burial, the area is slated for avoidance and should not be considered for future use. On the other hand, areas that have not been disturbed may be appropriately utilized by the Township or Cemetery Association. In some instances, unmarked graves that have been adequately identified by Ground Penetrating Radar and or other subsurface imaging methods can have a small but permanent marker placed identifying them as such with the intention to ensure that this ground remains undisturbed in the future. Placement of new markers is at the discretion of the Trustee or other responsible parties. I hope I've adequately answered the "stone or bone" question as it pertains to subsurface imaging in cemeteries. But if I haven't, please feel free to write me off list and I'll have another go at it. Best Regards, Rich Green Historic Archaeological Research 4338 Hadley Court West Lafayette, IN 47906 Office: (765) 464-8735 Mobile: (765) 427-4082 www.har-indy.com You said: Thanks for the message. I already knew this was going as I have talked with Paul Weismiller, Cicero Township Trustee. I don't know quite how this works. I understand finding something underground, but don't know how it can tell stone from bones, etc. Joan Wray Tipton County Pioneer Cemetery Restoration