This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Author: LindaRuff45 Surnames: Classification: queries Message Board URL: http://boards.rootsweb.com/localities.northam.usa.states.iowa.counties.fremont/7417.1.1/mb.ashx Message Board Post: Wow Dummy me I never gave it a thought to check the funeral home Thank you so much Linda Important Note: The author of this message may not be subscribed to this list. If you would like to reply to them, please click on the Message Board URL link above and respond on the board.

This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Author: MaryHoegh63 Surnames: Classification: queries Message Board URL: http://boards.rootsweb.com/localities.northam.usa.states.iowa.counties.fremont/7417.1/mb.ashx Message Board Post: compliments of marshallfuneral.com WILMA EARITH, age 85 of Sidney, IA formerly of Thurman, IA died Wednesday, June 24, 2009 at the Sidney, IA Ambassador following an extended illness. Wilma was born April 11, 1924 in Hastings, IA to Grover Cleveland Walston and Effie Luella (Ailshie) Walston. On October 25, 1941, she was married to Hubert Kenneth Earith in Nebraska City, NE. Wilma worked in a lot of places, she worked at Otoe Foods / Morton House in Nebraska City, worked as a nurses aide in nursing homes in Tabor, and Malvern. She retired from the Glenwood State School where she worked in the laundry. Wilma enjoyed working in the yard, canning tomatoes in the summer, reading, going to yard sales and good will shopping. She took a lot of pride in her family and was very proud of being married to Kenny so long. She loved animals and fed every stray cat in Thurman for years. Her family believed that the strays had knowledge of where to go for food and loving (if she could get near enough to pet them). Wilma was preceded in death by her parents, husband Kenneth (Kenny), son Kenneth Keith Earith, 2 sisters Doris Mae Ogden and Daisy Winifred Walston and 5 brothers Leo, Ovid, Forrest, Melvin, Ansel, and an infant brother. She is survived by daughters Ruth Elaine Zarek and Husband Robert of Council Bluffs, IA, Mary Frances Earith and companion Carl Nielsen of Harlan, IA and Priscilla (Katie) McGinnis and companion Wesley Phillips of Nebraska City, NE; 7 grandchildren, Delynda Rees and husband Warren, Lance Zarek, Stacey Herman and husband Chad, Inglish Camero, Quinn Shrimplin, Kasey McGinnis and Kendra McGinnis; 5 great grandchildren, Rynn Gawart and husband Shawn, Shawn Townsend and husband Dan, Courtney Zarek, Samuel Camero and Scott Camero, 3 great great grandchildren, Jordan and Hunter Gawart, and Coleton Townsend; brother, Elmer Walston and wife Joan of Loveland, CO; numerous nieces, nephews, her special four legged friend Oreo and many other relatives and friends. Important Note: The author of this message may not be subscribed to this list. If you would like to reply to them, please click on the Message Board URL link above and respond on the board.

This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Author: farwellwalter Surnames: Classification: lookup Message Board URL: http://boards.rootsweb.com/localities.northam.usa.states.iowa.counties.fremont/1266.1.1/mb.ashx Message Board Post: No. My posting was a FYI posting, only. Important Note: The author of this message may not be subscribed to this list. If you would like to reply to them, please click on the Message Board URL link above and respond on the board.

Celebrate! It's our country's 233^rd birthday! Becoming a county coordinator is a wonderful way to share and celebrate our heritages in our wonderful country. Counties available are Guthrie, Buena Vista, Greene, Guthrie, Monroe, Lucas and Fremont. Spend some time becoming familiar with them at http://iagenweb.org/state/colist.php. For more information on what is required of a county coordinator, please read the Volunteer Primer at http://iagenweb.org/state/primer.htm. Email the Welcome Hostesses with your choice of counties at welcome_to_iagenweb@iagenweb.org <mailto:welcome_to_iagenweb@iagenweb.org> and we will send you an application. If you have any questions, we will do our very best to answer them! We will also assist you as you settle into your newly adopted county. Happy 4^th of July! Conni Mac & Peggy IAGenWeb Welcome Hostesses welcome_to_iagenweb@iagenweb.org <mailto:welcome_to_iagenweb@iagenweb.org>

This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Author: mprose2 Surnames: Classification: queries Message Board URL: http://boards.rootsweb.com/localities.northam.usa.states.iowa.counties.fremont/7399.1/mb.ashx Message Board Post: There is a lady doing all kinds of research on the Fivecoat family in Nebraska City, NE area, and also goes to a reunion every year. Don't remember her name, but if you write to the Latter Day Saints Church (no body answers the phone unless they are there on Saturday morning or Thursday evening) someone should be able to help you connect with her. Important Note: The author of this message may not be subscribed to this list. If you would like to reply to them, please click on the Message Board URL link above and respond on the board.

This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Author: togielee Surnames: Classification: queries Message Board URL: http://boards.rootsweb.com/localities.northam.usa.states.iowa.counties.fremont/2074.3.2/mb.ashx Message Board Post: Walter Thank you for all the research you have done. I was most interested in the last line of your post on 17 May 2003: "Antoine TISSIER (1846; husband of Catherine Bourbonnais)." Antoine's French name was Tessier, which finally became Tescier in Oklahoma. If you have any other reference to him or his wife Catherine Bourbonnais please let me know. I'll try your e-mail address also. Thanks again. Charlie L Wright (ebclwright@comcast.net) Important Note: The author of this message may not be subscribed to this list. If you would like to reply to them, please click on the Message Board URL link above and respond on the board.

I wish a Happy Father's Day to all of our Father's today! Constance

This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Author: bingaman6284 Surnames: Sanderson Classification: queries Message Board URL: http://boards.rootsweb.com/localities.northam.usa.states.iowa.counties.fremont/7416/mb.ashx Message Board Post: Hello Fremont County! It has been a few years since I have been on. My family is finally showing interest in my research and in our family history. I have a request. I need to know what would be the best route or if there is a volunteer who would look up the death certificate or obit or anything on John Nelson Sanderson. He is listed in the censuses as Nelson Sanderson. The 1880 census has him listed in Sidney, wife Betsy or Elizabeth. He died in 1882. He was born in Vermont. Any help or guidance would be appreciated, trying to find his parents. Thanks so much!!! Shannon Important Note: The author of this message may not be subscribed to this list. If you would like to reply to them, please click on the Message Board URL link above and respond on the board.

This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Author: LoriSimerly54 Surnames: Aitken and Shaw Classification: queries Message Board URL: http://boards.rootsweb.com/localities.northam.usa.states.iowa.counties.fremont/1101.1.1.1.1.1/mb.ashx Message Board Post: Emma Pearl Aitken was my grandmother. She married Walter Shaw in 1911. Her twin brother was Walter Aitken. They had 3 children, 2 surviving as adults, Wilma Glee Shaw and William Glynn Shaw. Important Note: The author of this message may not be subscribed to this list. If you would like to reply to them, please click on the Message Board URL link above and respond on the board.

-------- Original Message -------- Subject: [IAGEN] Wanted: Iowa Family Group Sheets Date: Thu, 18 Jun 2009 19:56:07 -0500 From: Greta Thompson <bluebear@new.rr.com> Hello! I want to encourage you to add your family group sheets to the IAGenWeb Family Group Sheets Special Project. The IAFGS started in July 2003 and researchers have posted more than 2600 family group sheets already. But so far this year we have just over 50 new or revised submissions. I'd love to see at least 400 contributions by the end of the year, so that we pass the 3000 mark. It's easy. The main criterion for posting is that someone in the family group had to live in Iowa for a time. Please note that I don't post information for anyone born less than 100 years ago without specific information about his or her death, e.g., the date, location, or cemetery. If most of the family has passed away, substitute the word "Living" for those who are alive and don't supply any other information about them. Just use the electronic form to key in your information or the alternate email form to paste in your fgs and send it to me. I'm sorry but I can't accept .pdf files. Still have questions? Write to me! I'll be watching for your family group sheets! Greta Thompson bluebear@new.rr.com IAGenWeb Family Group Sheet Project http://iagenweb.org/fgs/

I have for many years been trying to find the cause of death of my direct descendant Burwell & his son Isaac Curtis Irwin on Aug. 23, & 24th, 1878 in Fremont County Iowa. I have often wondered since it was a strange coincidence that father and son died just one day apart, and that they were originally from Meigs County Ohio if the newspapers there may have mentioned their deaths. Dave - _Famsource@aol.com_ (mailto:Famsource@aol.com)

This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Author: JudyHall97 Surnames: Crawford Pressly Classification: queries Message Board URL: http://boards.rootsweb.com/localities.northam.usa.states.iowa.counties.fremont/7415/mb.ashx Message Board Post: looking for the Robert Crawford and Rebecca Florence 'Flora' Pressly families of Sidney, Fremont, Iowa. children: Mamie Crawford Haynes/Haines Dwight Pressly Crawford Frank Crawford Edwin Knox Crawford. Dwight Pressly and Edith L. Magel children: Frances Pauline Louis Donald R. Jean H. I have photos I would like to return to the families. my connection is David Knox Pressly, Flora's father > her brother John Thomas Pressly. Hope to hear from a family member. Judy Important Note: The author of this message may not be subscribed to this list. If you would like to reply to them, please click on the Message Board URL link above and respond on the board.

This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Author: Tfaw2 Surnames: Faw Faw, Bernard, Scovile, Green, Lovelady Classification: queries Message Board URL: http://boards.rootsweb.com/localities.northam.usa.states.iowa.counties.fremont/7414.2.1.1/mb.ashx Message Board Post: Walter: First, I can't help but think that maybe Joseph Bernard was older than that. Like maybe born around 1780. "Pioneer and his prodigy" states that he was an old man when he died. But what would you say constitutes an old man in 1842? His late 50's or early 60's? Younger? Second, His first child was not a son like the article "Pioneer and his prodigy" states. His first child was Rosallie Bernard Scovile, she was 28 in 1856 born about 1828, married and living in California. Lewis Bernard was 25 in 1856 born about 1831. Lewis was only 11 when Joseph died. Mabel's notes stated in the estate papers in June of 1846 that two people HA A. Green and W. Lovelady were paid for support of the Bernard heirs. Why would that be? THird, Now Mi-Am-Pi-Ma was born about 1811 which would mean that she was 17 at the time of Rosallie's birth, which sounds right to me. Also you have to give at least a year before that for pregnancy. So I estimate that she married Joseph Bernard around 1827 at the age of 16 which also sounds about right. Fourth, I don't think that Mi-Am-Pi-Ma was his first wife or his only wife. I think he had been in the area much longer than that. I think that he came to the area around 1800 and was a French Fur Trader. I think that he lived with the Otoe then, had a family with an Otoe wife and that Mi-Am-Pi-Ma was her younger sister. I think that his Otoe Wife died maybe during childbirth or from an illness like small pox which was prevalent at that time in the Missouri River Valley among the Indian tribes. Maybe even his children with her died too. There were alot of deaths among the tribes then. If his first wife died then he would have been obligated Indian way to marry her younger sister. Just a thought, could I be on to something? Thanks for your thoughts Tammy Important Note: The author of this message may not be subscribed to this list. If you would like to reply to them, please click on the Message Board URL link above and respond on the board.

This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Author: Tfaw2 Surnames: Faw Faw, Bernard Classification: marriage Message Board URL: http://boards.rootsweb.com/localities.northam.usa.states.iowa.counties.fremont/7414.1.1.1/mb.ashx Message Board Post: Yes, but all I have from the 1830's are the three treaties signed by the Otoe and Missourias. On the first treaty dated July 15, 1830 at Prairie du Chien, Territory of Michigan. There are 14 Otoes and 5 Missourias, I believe that the first 7 Otoes are the Chiefs and the second 7 are Half-Chiefs or next in line. We can eliminate the Missourias because what documentation we have on Mi-Am-Pe-Ma all state that she is Otoe, which is the NH-BR list and the articles that you posted. However there are no Missouria on the NH-BR list only Otoes, but that doesn't mean that some of them weren't Missouria. On the second treaty that set aside the land for the Nemaha Half-Breed Reserve dated September 21, 1833 at the Otoe Village on the Platt River. There are 26 names with no affiliation to tribe. Of these names, I am familiar with the 18th name on the list, which is Wah-Nah-Sha. To me this means that he is a brave on this list. My great grandfather, William Faw Faw had an Otoe name that was Wa-No-Sa. I found on the first Otoe roll that I have from 1886, the spelling as Wah-Na-Sa, I know that it is pronounced "Waw" "No" "Say" and it means "The one that takes away" or the process of taking something away from someone or something. Family Oral tradition states that the son carries on the name of the father. In William's case, Lewis Bernard Faw Faw may not have had an Otoe Name besides Faw Faw because that is what the Otoes called his father, Joseph Bernard. My thinking on this is that maybe just maybe they gave WIlliam the Otoe name Wa-Na-Sa because that was what his mother's(Me-hun-tha-ga) father's name was. On the third treaty dated October 15, 1836 at Bellevue, Upper Missouri. Wah-Nah-Shah appears as the 11th signee this time, which to me, means that he is now a Half-Chief. I have Wah-Nah-Sha's birth at about 1800 which is a guess because of Me-hun-tha-ga's age. Mi-Am-Pi-Ma's age is 45 in 1856 making her birth date about 1811. So I don't think that Wah-Nah-Sha would have been old enough to be Mi-Am-Pi-Ma's father, but old enough to be Me-hun-tha-ga's father. The main reason is that he is not on the 1830 Treaty but is made a Half-Chief by 1836. I will continue to examine the rest of the names to see who is on all the treaties and let you know if I can connect any of them back to Mi-Am-Pi-Ma. Important Note: The author of this message may not be subscribed to this list. If you would like to reply to them, please click on the Message Board URL link above and respond on the board.

This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Author: fqrwellwalter Surnames: Classification: marriage Message Board URL: http://boards.rootsweb.com/localities.northam.usa.states.iowa.counties.fremont/7414.1.1/mb.ashx Message Board Post: Tammy: Do you have a list of the chiefs and leading men of the Otoes dating from arouond 1830's. The reason I'm asking is that I believe she has a good chance of being the daughter of one them,and that this fact has been mentioned in an account dating from that period. Important Note: The author of this message may not be subscribed to this list. If you would like to reply to them, please click on the Message Board URL link above and respond on the board.

This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Author: fqrwellwalter Surnames: Classification: lookup Message Board URL: http://boards.rootsweb.com/localities.northam.usa.states.iowa.counties.fremont/7414.2.1/mb.ashx Message Board Post: Tammy: First Question: Neither date is shown in Mabel's notes. But since he was in the Far West when his marriage took place, he must have been at least 21 (so born about 1810). If he were with his family, I have missed spotting the Bernard name before his appearance on the scene. That is why I think he was old enough to venture out on his own. I think it to be highly unlikely that he was ever completely by himself, but I have no clue as to whom his companions were. If he were French-Canadian, why had he left Canada circa 1830? Wasn't the Canadian Rebellion later on in that decade? Maybe the answer to both queries is that his parent lived somewhere along the Missouri river between St. Louis and Kansas City.....His death year probably was the same as the year his estate papers are first dated. Second Question: It is the duty of an estate administrator to determine the heirs and their whereabouts. I think he just included the addresses of Rosalie and Logan during that time he was determining the heirs. I know that I have often seen addresses amongst estate papers. Important Note: The author of this message may not be subscribed to this list. If you would like to reply to them, please click on the Message Board URL link above and respond on the board.

This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Author: Tfaw2 Surnames: Bernard, Scovile Classification: queries Message Board URL: http://boards.rootsweb.com/localities.northam.usa.states.iowa.counties.fremont/7414.2/mb.ashx Message Board Post: Again, Thank you so much for the help and information. 1. Do Mabel's notes of the estate papers of Joseph Bernard show a date of birth or age at death? 2. Do Mabel's notes show how she knew that Rosalie Bernard Scovile and Logan Bernard lived in Marysville, CA? Important Note: The author of this message may not be subscribed to this list. If you would like to reply to them, please click on the Message Board URL link above and respond on the board.

This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Author: Tfaw2 Surnames: Classification: lookup Message Board URL: http://boards.rootsweb.com/localities.northam.usa.states.iowa.counties.fremont/7414.1/mb.ashx Message Board Post: Yes, I know exactly what you mean. In my research I found this: Publications of the Nebraska Historical Society, Volume XXI, Lincoln, 1930 page 192 of Major Albert Green's First Annual Report as The Otoe Agent (1869-72): "It is a matter of regret to the writer that he has not preserved the tales of ancient Indian warfare related by the old men of the tribe; tales that were vouched for, in some cases, by their showing old smoke-dried and time-hardened scalps attached to their century-old medicine bags. All such stories, of course, pictured the Otoe as victors, but whether they were all true is very uncertain--doubtless some of them really were, but story-telling contests were sometimes held, when a reward was given to the fabricator of the most thrilling story. Such contests always drew a crowd." NB: It is clear to me that Major Green was confusing the two separate gatherings. Obviously he witnessed what Major Long did in the "Striking the Post" gathering but by the 1870's it just didn't strike the post (which I believe was the Eagle Staff) anymore, or he didn't mention it. I do not believe that the stories the old Otoe men told to Major Green were fabricated. Why would they tell stories of their failures? They would only tell stories of their victories. I am sure that if any of the stories were getting stretched someone would have stood up and said so, just as in Major Long's account. As far as Major Long's account of the Striking the post and of Little Soldier's antics, I think that this ceremony had taken place many times before amongst the tribe and the reason why the warriors won't testify to their strengths at this time was because they knew that they didn't have any stories better than the Chief Ietan and that they knew Little Soldier would jump up and put them all to shame as it were. --TG Important Note: The author of this message may not be subscribed to this list. If you would like to reply to them, please click on the Message Board URL link above and respond on the board.

This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Author: farwellwalter Surnames: Classification: lookup Message Board URL: http://boards.rootsweb.com/localities.northam.usa.states.iowa.counties.fremont/1456.1.2.1.1.2.1.1.1/mb.ashx Message Board Post: Tammy: I started a new post: after a while I have a hard time trying to find a reply, when there have been mutiple replies.--Oh yes, I should mention that the National Archives should have whatever information John Dougherty, the agent for Upper Missouri, sent in to the Indian Department. Maybe there is more he had to say about Bernard when he hired him, that was not printed if the Serial Set. Important Note: The author of this message may not be subscribed to this list. If you would like to reply to them, please click on the Message Board URL link above and respond on the board.

This is a Message Board Post that is gatewayed to this mailing list. Author: farwellwalter Surnames: Long, O'Fallen, Shongatonga, Crenier, Ietan, Mi-a-ke-ta, Little Soldier, Wa-sa-b-jing-ga, Little Black Bear, Wah-toh-ta-na, Classification: biography Message Board URL: http://boards.rootsweb.com/localities.northam.usa.states.iowa.counties.fremont/7414/mb.ashx Message Board Post: FIRST: The following appears in Executive Document No. 490 of the First Session of the 23rd Congress, page 71. It is a report by John Dougherty, Indian Agent for the Upper Missouri: "To Joseph Bernard, for his pay of striker to the blacksmith for Omaha, Otto, and Missouri Indians, between 1st October, 1832, and 30th June 1833: 71 dollars and 33 cents." N.B.: It is my understanding that many in a tribe would go on their winter hunt during the time that the above says Bernard was hired as a striker for the tribe's blacksmith. The blacksmith would repair anything of the tribe's metal objects that needed attention. The blacksmith shop would be located wherever the site of their permament village. If Bernard worked for the Otoe in another capacity, it has escaped my attention.-- W.F. SECOND: IOWA SENTINEL. Fairfield, Iowa. Vol. I, No. 12. August 28, 1847.-- Whenever a white man has resided among the Sioux Indians for the space of a month, he is required to take unto himself a wife. The chief of the band among which he is, at the end of his time, comes to him with a young and handsome squaw, whom he must espouse and protect according to their custom, or leave the country immediately. N.B.: I have read many times that an Indian tribe practiced such a custom. After his marriage, Bernard was under the protection of the tribe. This is undoubtedly the reason Joseph Bernard took an Otoe for his wife. It also sets the general time of their marriage -- probably around the first of November 1832.--W.F. THIRD: THE NEBRASKA CITY NEWS. Sept. 22, 1877. Page 1, columns 2 & 3. "OTTOES. A full Account of our First Settlers. Which Will be Read With Interest by our Citizens.--We clip the following interesting account of the Otoe Indians from the Atkinson's Casket, published in Philadelphia in the year 1831": "The Otoe nation of Indians is distinguished by the name of Wah-toh-ta-na. The permanent village of the nation is composed of large dirt lodges, and is situated on the left bank of the Platte, or Nebraska, about forty miles above its confluence with the Missouri. They are represented by travelers as a brave and generous people, manifesting but little of the treachery and barbarity which so generally prevails among the Indian tribes. "A council was held by one hundred Ottoes, seventy Missouries, (the remains of a once powerful nation, but now amalgamated with the Ottoes) and fifty or sixty Ioways, with the expedition commanded by Maj. Long, in 1819 on the Missouri near Council Bluffs, the object of which was to secure the friendship of the Ottoes and their aid in prosecuting the expedition. "The council was opened with a few rounds from the howitzers. Sentinels walked to and fro behind the benches, and a handsome standard waved before the assembly. Major O'Fallen, the interpreter, addressed the audience in a very animated manner, and replies were given by Shongatonga, the Crenier and others, with extravagant gesticulation, which is one of the prominent features of Indian oratory. "At the termination of the council, small presents were made by both parties, consisting of guns, blankets, tobacco, robes, skins, etc. "To amuse the whites, the Indians resolved upon performing their extraordinary dancing ceremonies, with which they usually honor the brave or distinguished persons. The following description is given by Major Long: " 'The amusement of dancing was commenced by striking up their rude instrumental and vocal music, with which, rude as it was, very good time was preserved with the vocal performers, who sat around them, and by all the natives as they sat, with the inflection of their bodies, or the movements of their limbs; after a lapse of a little time, three individuals leaped up and danced around for a few minutes, then, at a concerted signal from the leader of the ceremonies, the music ceased and they retired to their seats, uttering a loud noise, which by patting the mouth rapidly with the hand, was broken into a succession of similar sounds, somewhat like the hurried barking of a dog. Several sets of dancers succeeded, each terminating like the first. " 'In the interval of the dances, a warrior would step forward and strike a flag staff they had erected, with a stick, whip, or other weapon, and recount his martial deeds. This ceremony is called 'striking the post,' and whatever is then said may be relied upon as rigid truth, being delivered in the presence of many a jealous warrior and witness, who could easily detect and would immediately disgrace the striker for exaggeration and falsehood. This is called the beggars' dance, during which some presents are always expected by the performers. But as none were offered on this occasion, the amusement was not, at first, distinguished by much activity, until Ietan stepped forward and lashed the post with his whip, declaring that he would thus punish those who did not dance. This threat had a manifest effect upon his auditors, who were presently highly wrought up by the sight of two or three little mounds of tobacco twist, which were now laid before them, and appeared to infuse! new life. " 'After lashing the post and making his threat, Ietan narrated his exploits: He had stolen horses seven or eight times from the Konzas, having first struck the bodies of three of that nation slain in battle; he had stolen horses from the Ieten nation, and had struck one of their dead; he had stollen horses from the Pawnees, Poncas and Omawhaws, and had struck many of their dead; he had struck the bodies of two Sioux. On a war party in compny with the Pawnees he had attacked the Spaniards, and had penetrated into one of their camps, and being in advance was shot at and missed by a man, whom he immediately shot down and struck. "This, my father," said he, "is the only material act of my life that I am ashamed of." "After many rounds of dancing and striking the post by the warriors, Mi-a-ke-ta, or the "Little Soldier," a war-worn veteran, took his turn to strike the post. He leaped actively about and strained his voice to its utmost pitch as he portrayed some of the scenes of blood in which he had acted. He had struck dead bodies of individuals of all the red nations around, Osages, Konzas, Pawnees, Loups, Pawnee Repucblicans, Grand Pawnees, Puncas, Omawhaws, Sioux, Padoucas, La Plas or Bald Heads, Ietans, Sioux, Foxes and Ioways; he had struck eight of one nation, seven of another, etc. His account was so long that Ietan ran up and placed his hand on the speaker's mouth and respectfully led him to a seat, thus indicating that he had yet so many brave acts to speak of that he would occupy so much time as to prevent others from speaking, and put to shame other warriors by the contrast of his actions with theirs. "In dancing each individual performs a separate part, and carefully observes the mucical cadences: In this dance Ietan represented one who was in the act of stealing a horse. He carried a whip in his hand and around his neck were thrown several leather thongs, for bridles and halters, the ends of which trailed upon the ground behind him; thus equipped he represented the acts of stealing a horse, and then mounting his tomahawk, as children ride their broomsticks, making such use of his whip as to indicate the necessity of rapid movement lest his foes should overtake him. "Wa-sa-ba-jing-ga or litle Black Bear, after a variety of gestures, threw several arrows, in succession, over his own head, thereby indicating his familiarity with the flight of such missiles; he at the same time covered his eyes with his hand to indicate that he was blind to danger. "Others represented their manoeuvres in battle, seeking their enemy, discharging at them their guns or arrows, &c., &c. "Most of the dancers were the principal warriors of the nation, men who had not condescended to amuse themselves or others, in this manner, for years before, but they now appeared in honor of the occasion; and to conciliate, in their best manner, the good will of the government of the Big Knives. Many were painted with red clay in which curved lines appeared. A number of them had the representation of a black hand with outspread fingers, on different parts of the body strongly contrasting with the principal color with which the body was overspread; the hand was depicted in different positions upon the face, breast and back. The face of others was colored, one half black and one half white, or red and white &c.; many colored their hair with red clay but the eye-lids, and base of the ears, were generallly tinged with vermillion. "At the conclusion of the ceremony, whiskey which they always expect on similar occasions, was produced, and a small portion was given to each. The principal chiefs of the different nations, who had remained passive spectators of the scene, now directed their people to return to their camp. The word of the chiefs was obeyed excepting by a few of the Ioways, who appeared to be determined to keep their places notwithstanding the reiterated command of their chiefs. Ietan now sprang towards them, with an expression of much ferocity in his countenance, and it is probable a tragic scene would have been displayed had not the chiefs requested him to use gentle means, and thus he succeeded, after which the chiefs withdrew." N.B.: The Spaniards of Mexico had expanded northeastward, establishing a colony just west of Scott City, Kansas. I have read that their colonizing drive stopped after the complete annihulation of their army by combined Indians forces near the "lakes of the Missouri river", probably in the 1700's. Tammy, you just probably have not attended a "stag", but the above account carries just a hint that "the first fellow doesn't have a chance" because the second fellow has "to go him one better". After reading this account, I am of the firm opinion that the Indians were not immune to this general characteristic, either!--W.F. Important Note: The author of this message may not be subscribed to this list. If you would like to reply to them, please click on the Message Board URL link above and respond on the board.