Jay wrote ... "My Hesse families, FRANK, LANGS, and SACHS, emigrated in 1852 from Lindenfels, Hesse by the way of Liverpool England to New York. I have not been able to find out how they managed to get to Liverpool. It is varying routes like these that make it interesting." This is the first mention of UK in this discussion, so may I remind researchers that often German migrants found there way to N America via UK ... often because they only had enough money for that first part of the journey, needing to work in UK in order to earn sufficient to fund the rest of the journey. Sailings were usually from Hamburg or Bremen, with arrival at London or Hull. Many then made there way to Liverpool for departure to N America. The labour intensive trade of sugar refining took large numbers of German labourers in both London and Liverpool 1780s-1870s ... many stayed as they could not save enough money. The PRO holds arrival lists approx 1847-69, and some earlier, under references HO2, HO3 and HO5. Jay ... take a look at www.mawer.clara.net/sugarff.html in case the FRANCK / FRANCKE / FRANKE names are yours. Bryan. Bryan Mawer, Wellingborough, UK Sugar Refiners & Sugarbakers Database - www.mawer.clara.net