Hello again, HARKEY-L, In response to my post-- > I'm puzzled by all the surprised reactions to finding HARKEYs > from other countries in the fairly recent U.S. censuses. > Haven't we always known that they didn't all come to America in 1743? Nan replied-- > The puzzlement is not that they came after 1743 > (if that's when "they" came at all). > Its not WHEN they came, but WHERE they came FROM. I should have capitalized the word I meant to be emphasized. Haven't we always known that they didn't ALL come to America in 1743 [or whatever time ours did]? Joseph Harkey, in his history of the North Carolina HARKEYs, notes that "in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries, there were more than 30 HARKEYs (and evidently plenty more) living around Grinton in Yorkshire [England]," and he suggests that the name may have gone from England to the European continent. I think I reported to the list a few years ago about cold-calling a HERCHE in New Jersey to see where his family had come from and when they had emigrated. They were from a German-speaking area of Hungary. I can't find a copy of my account, but I think he said that German farmers, including his HERCHE ancestors, had been encouraged to settle in Hungary by whatever government had been in charge at the time. The Internet has a lot of information on the movement of German-speaking peoples. My search was mainly but not exclusively on movement from Hessen into Hungary and Russia. I'll note a few hits--URL, title, and a sentence or two. I may go back and look at England-to-Europe emigration. There's so much to learn, and so little brain left. Alma ==================== 1. BIEBER FAMILY IN HUNGARY AND RUSSIA < http://home.att.net/~long.hair/bieber/russia/main.html > Towards the end of the 19th Century, the Russian government revoked many of the religious and cultural freedoms that had attracted Germans to settle in Russia. This stimulated another wave of migration. The American Midwest received a large number of "Germans from Russia," including members of the Bieber family who settled mostly in the Dakotas. 2. HISTORY OF GERMAN SETTLEMENTS IN SOUTHERN HUNGARY < http://feefhs.org/banat/bhistory.html > At the end of the nineteenth century, there were more than two million Germans living in Hungary. During the eighteenth century, the Habsburg monarchy of Austria, which ruled Hungary at that time, had enticed Germans to emigrate to the unsettled lands of Southern Hungary, which had been devastated by over 150 years of Turkish occupation. From 1711 to 1750, approximately 800 villages were founded in Hungary by German settlers. The Banat Province was one of the primary areas of settlement. . . . . Although there had been German emigration to Hungary prior to this time, the expulsion of the Turks resulted in an organized settlement program sponsored by the Habsburgs. The Habsburgs had three aims: to fortify the land against invasion, to develop farm land, and to further the Roman Catholic Religion in Eastern Europe. Thus they offered Catholics of the southwest German states inducements such as free agricultural land, homesites, construction materials, livestock and exemption from taxes for several years. 3. EMIGRATION FROM GERMANY TOI RUSSIA IN THE YEARS 1763 TO 1862 < http://pixel.cs.vt.edu/pub/articles/clue1974.txt > On page 219, we find Bechtholds leaving the Danzig, West Prussian area for Tiegenhof/Grunau near the Black Sea; Konrad Bechthold from Saarbruecken/Pfalz (Palatinate) going to Freudental/Odessa in 1807; Karl Bechthold from Saarbruecken/Pfalz going to Torschau, Hungary, in 1784 and eventually to Russia. 4. FINDING THE ORIGINS OF 18TH-CENTURY EMIGRANTS FROM SOUTHERN GERMANY < http://www.horlacher.org/germany/articles/ger1700sfw.htm > The eighteenth-century emigrants to southeast Europe in the card index maintained by the 'Heimatstelle Pfalz' have been published by Stefan Stader. . . . For what is nowadays Hesse we have numerous published lists of emigrants to Hungary (16), East Prussia (17) and America (18). =================