Keith, Do you have access to the Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1999 supp, vol.2? I think I found Johann and his family listed there. It indicates they came from Saarland (Prussia) in 1846. It gives references to check for more information. My great-grandfather came from a different area about the same time. I believe the German government in each area at that time had to give you permission to leave. Forced military service was a good reason to leave. Hope this is helpful. Let me know. Kathleen