Brad, I think this is really so new that most people don't understand it. My brother now is R-P312 and subclades. Regarding fostering where children would be raised in an unrelated household, I looked for a child who was born in the same area around the same time as my cousin's aunt. I believe I found her but can't prove it. Neither can the woman looking for her grandfather's birth records. In another fostering case, but in England I have a friend whose mother's parents were killed in an auto accident in the 1920's. Her mother and siblings were raised by neighbors without the benefit of adoption. They didn't find out until they were adults that their "parents" were not their parents and not even related. At least my friend knows the truth now. I can't say the same for the other ones I cited. Very frustrating to say the least. But isn't the search in genealogy fun? LOL Nora In a message dated 10/23/2008 3:03:27 A.M. Eastern Daylight Time, [email protected]_ (mailto:[email protected]) writes: I tested as R1b1c7 which, according to Family Tree, is the same as R1b1b2e and R1b1b2a2e - I don't understand it all. They are using a new designation R-M222 to refer to all these. I am kit N62804 (the N means I originally tested with National Geographic). I was refering to fostering, a practice in the first few centuries AD where children would be raised in an unrelated household, presumably to establish family links or expose the children to different living conditions. But of couse, raising another family member is akin to adoption within a family?... often done without documentation. Sometimes this was to hide a birth outside of marriage, sometimes the result of the death or disappearance of parents, sometimes for reasons known only to the parties involved. Those are the ones that frustrate us the most.? :-) Brad Wilson **************Play online games for FREE at Games.com! All of your favorites, no registration required and great graphics – check it out! (http://pr.atwola.com/promoclk/100000075x1211202682x1200689022/aol?redir= http://www.games.com?ncid=emlcntusgame00000001)