One of the first sources many new genealogists learn about is the federal census. These helpful enumerations, taken every 10 years since 1790, are a mainstay of family history research. Less well-known are state and territorial censuses, often used to "fill in" the gaps between the decennial federal censuses. But there have been a number of other name lists compiled over the years that researchers can use when "normal" census records aren’t available. Most of these so-called "substitutes" were never intended to represent every resident, but their individual purposes did involve compiling lists of a good percentage of the populace. Among these census substitutes are loyalty oaths, where men and boys of military age were required to swear fealty to the local government; tax rolls of heads of household;local directories, listing prominent landowners and businessmen; and even muster rolls for local militia units. These lists may be found in a variety of locations. Some have been reprinted in genealogical journals or the periodicals of lineage societies, others appear in printed volumes, and many are available on microfilm through Family History Centers. Few of these substitute lists are as comprehensive as a full census, but they can prove to be an invaluable source of information for you as you seek your family heritage. Sally Rolls Pavia Sun City, AZ [email protected] List Owner: [email protected] "Do not meddle in the affairs of dragons, for you are crunchy and taste good with ketchup." All incoming and outgoing email checked by Norton Anti-Virus 2002 .