This is of course all wrapped in politics. But ... there are silver linings! I managed to get a whole genome (autosomes + X + Y + mt) sequence for free (low coverage, average 6x) from Steve Hsu's project in this area. Actually they did only 3x average officially, but I and some others in one batch go done twice. But I wonder what the people doing academic studies like that one are thinking! Even 6 reads is insufficient to accurately characterize autosomes which can have three states. And that 6 is the average! But the mitochondria as expected had a far higher coverage and in fact got 100% accuracy compared to FTDNA ... I still am a totally unique mtDNA person, and my haplogroup is very rare (J1c2a2); My guess, and its only a guess, is that lots of those academic studies simply don't care about accuracy. They are looking for markers, including new ones, that simply diaplay a correllation with the phenotype that they care about, end that's going to be so noisy anyway, averaged over all testees, that errors hardly matter. That sort of so-called science is not known for having "5 sigma" reliability like particle physics. Doug McDonald -----Original Message----- Marleen, no Tom was making the joke that men are dumber than women