List Readers might be interested to see the mitochondrial details and abstract that accompany this paper: "Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences from two Denisovan individuals" Sawyer,S., Renaud,G., Viola,B., Prufer,K., Kelso,J. and Paabo,S. A free download on: http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/11/11/1519905112.full.pdf The date of divergence of the Denisovan line from the modern human line would appear to be around 900-1,000 kya. Ian ----------------------------- Abstract: Denisovans, a sister group of Neandertals, have been described on the basis of a nuclear genome sequence from a finger phalanx (Denisova 3) found in Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains. The only other Denisovan specimen described to date is a molar (Denisova 4) found at the same site. This tooth carries a mtDNA sequence similar to that of Denisova 3. Here we present nuclear DNA sequences from Denisova 4 and a morphological description, as well as mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data, from another molar (Denisova 8) found in Denisova Cave in 2010. This new molar is similar to Denisova 4 in being very large and lacking traits typical of Neandertals and modern humans. Nuclear DNA sequences from the two molars form a clade with Denisova 3. The mtDNA of Denisova 8 is more diverged and has accumulated fewer substitutions than the mtDNAs of the other two specimens, suggesting Denisovans were present in the region over an extended period. The nuclear DNA sequence diversity among the three Denisovans is comparable to that among six Neandertals, but lower than that among present-day humans. ------------ KT780370 Denisovan8 21-NOV-2015 (371 CRS mutations) A73G G94A T146C T152C T195C 244.1A G247- T252C A263G T282C A291- C299- 315.1C 315.2C A385G C456T C486T C505T C522- A523- C534T C575T T596C G709A C736A T825A A827G C868T A928G C1009T G1018A T1040C C1048T C1405T G1442A G1709A G1719A A1761T G1888A G2056A C2284T A2402G T2404C C2523T T2649C G2758A G2831C T2885C T2955C A3221G G3277A T3290C G3357A G3496T T3504A G3591A C3594T C3600T C3603T C3636T A3714G C3747T T3753C A3816G C3832T C3870T C3888T C3909T C3921T A3957G C3978T T4047C G4048A G4092A A4104G C4312T C4318T C4456T A4562G T4586C T4622C G4659A A4769G T4856C C4904T C4914T T4928C T4937C C4940T A4958G G4959A G4991A T5021C G5147A C5270T C5320T A5351G C5387T C5447T C5456T A5474G T5508C A5516G A5539G T5580C 5813.1A G5821A C5840T C5895A 5899.1C 5899.2C 5899.3C 5899.4C 5899.5C 5899.6C G6023A T6152C T6221C C6242T A6266C G6366A C6452T C6483T A6485G A6509G T6512C C6542T C6566T C6569A C6617T T6641C T6719C G6917A C6935T C6938T T6956A C7028T A7146G C7232T C7256T T7270C G7316A A7490G G7521A T7609C T7621C C7650T G7664A T7705C T7741C G7789A C7810T C7868T C7891T T7961C A8008G A8021G G8065A C8140T G8152A T8167C C8203T C8406T C8455T C8461T C8488T T8503C A8521G G8545A C8655T A8659G A8677C A8701G A8718G T8772C A8784G A8860G C8943T G8994A G9053A C9060A C9075T A9080G C9168T A9254G T9325C G9329C A9434G C9527T T9530C C9536T T9540C C9566T A9629G T9647C G9755A T9758C T9797C C9839A C9869T C9884T T9899C G9932A G9966A T10101C A10151G G10172A C10196T C10223T T10238C C10307T T10324C A10385G A10397G A10398G C10547T G10586A C10670T G10688A T10742C A10750G T10790C T10810C T10873C A10876G T10915C T10966G G11016A A11065G C11071T T11075C T11147C C11215T C11270T C11503T C11549T A11551G A11590G C11623T G11719A T11770C T11864C G11914A C11977T C11983T A12001G G12007A C12064T T12189C A12193T T12311C C12346T G12372A T12375C G12406A A12420G C12474T T12477C G12528A G12561A G12630A G12684A A12699G C12705T T12714C G12756A C12801T T12879C A12921G T13020C A13062G T13095C A13105G A13269G A13276G G13359A G13368A A13434G T13488C C13506T A13528G A13629G T13635C C13650T T13656C C13680T A13722G A13827G T13879C G13889A T13896C C13923T G13928A G13968A A14007G T14020C T14034C G14040A A14053G C14073T T14088C A14296G G14305A T14311C A14409G G14476A T14494C G14560A G14569A A14605G A14662G A14693G T14757C C14766T C14800T A14839G C14950T A14954G T14956C T14971C G15043A C15100T G15110A G15148A G15172C T15191A C15250T A15326G G15355A C15403T C15443T C15490T A15562G C15643T A15649G C15667T C15742T G15883A A15924G T15941C A16051G A16070G A16081G C16111T G16129A C16148T T16172C A16182- A16183- C16188- 16193.1C 16193.2C 16193.3C T16209C G16213A C16239T T16243C C16245T A16247G C16259A G16274A C16278T T16311C C16355T T16356C T16362C T16368C A16487G A16497G T16519C C16527T