THE SCOTCH-IRISH OR THE SCOT IN NORTH BRITAIN, NORTH IRELAND, AND NORTH AMERICA CHAPTER I THE SCOTCH-IRISH AND THE REVOLUTION The military establishment in 1775 consisted of three battalions of infantry from New Hampshire, as follows: those of Colonels Enoch Poor, James Reed, and John Stark; twenty-seven from Massachusetts, as follows: Colonels Daniel Brewer, Jonathan Brewer, Theophilus Colton, Timothy Danielson, Ephraim Doolittle, John Fellows, James Frye, Thomas Gardner, Samuel Gerrish, John Glover, William Heath, Ebenezer Learned, Moses Little, John Mansfield, John Nixon, John Paterson, Edmund Phinney, William Prescott, Joseph Reed, Paul D. Sargent, James Scammon, John Thomas, Timothy Walker, Artemas Ward, Asa Whitcomb, Benjamin Woodbridge; three from Rhode Island, as follows: Colonels Thomas Church, Daniel Hitchcock, James Varnum; eight from Connecticut, as follows: Colonels Benjamin Hinman, Jedediah Huntington, Samuel H. Parsons, Israel Putnam, Joseph Spencer, David Waterbury, David Wooster, Charles Webb; four from New York, as follows: Colonels James Clinton, James Holmes, Alexander McDougall, Gosen Van Schaick; two from New Jersey, as follows: Colonels William Alexander and William Maxwell; two from Pennsylvania, as follows: Colonels John Bull and William Thompson; two from North Carolina, as follows: Colonels Robert Howe and James Moore; and two from South Carolina, as follows: Colonels Christopher Gadsden and William Moultrie. There was also, besides these fifty-four battalions of infantry, one artillery regiment from Massachusetts under command of Colonels Joseph Gridley and Henry Knox. The infantry establishment of 1776 consisted of twenty-seven regiments of "Continentals" so-called, composed of one regiment from Pennsylvania: the 1st, under Colonel William Thompson; three from New Hampshire: the 2d, Colonel James Reed; 5th, Colonel John Stark; 8th, Colonel Enoch Poor; sixteen from Massachusetts: the 3d, Colonel Ebenezer Learned; 4th, Colonels John Nixon and Thomas Nixon; 6th, Colonel Asa Whitcomb; 7th, Colonel William Prescott; 12th, Colonel Moses Little; 13th, Colonel Joseph Reed; 14th, Colonel John Glover; 15th, Colonel John Paterson; 16th, Colonel Paul D. Sargent; 18th, Colonel Edmund Phinney; 21st, Colonel Jonathan Ward; 23d, Colonel John Bailey; 24th, Colonel John Greaton; 25th, Colonel William Bond; 26th. Colonel Loammi Baldwin; 27th, Colonel Israel Hutchinson; two from Rhode Island: 9th, Colonel James Varnum; 11th, Colonel Daniel Hitchcock; and five from Connecticut: 10th, Colonels Samuel H. Parsons and John Tyler; 17th, Colonel Jedediah Huntington; 19th, Colonel Charles Webb; 20th, Colonels Benedict [p.10] Arnold and John Durkee; 22d, Colonel Samuel Wyllys. There were also an additional regiment from New Hampshire, Colonel Seth Warner's, and one from Pennsylvania and Maryland, Colonel Nicholas Hausegger's, both afterwards included in the sixteen additional regiments raised under resolve of Congress of 27th December, 1776. Besides the Continental Line of 1776, the following States also furnished Continental troops in that year: New York Line, five regiments: 1st, Colonels Rudolphus Ritzema and Gosen Van Schaick; 2d, Colonels G. Van Schaick and James Clinton; 3d, Colonels James Clinton, Rudolphus Ritzema, and Peter Gansevoort; 4th, Colonels Cornelius Wynkoop and Henry Livingston; 5th, Colonel Lewis Dubois; New Jersey Line, four regiments: 1st, Colonels William Alexander, William Winds, and Silas Newcomb; 2d, Colonels William Maxwell and Israel Shreve; 3d, Colonel Elias Dayton; 4th, Colonels Ephraim Martin and David Brearley (Lieutenant-Colonel); Pennsylvania Line, seven battalions: 1st, Colonel John P. De Haas; 2d, Colonels Arthur St.Clair and Joseph Wood; 3d, Colonels John Shee and Lambert Cadwallader; 4th, Colonel Anthony Wayne; 5th, Colonel Robert Magaw; 6th, Colonel William Irvine; 7th, Colonel Samuel Miles, Rifle Battalion; and five additional regiments: 8th, Colonel Æneas Mackay; 8th, Colonel James Irvine; 10th, Colonel Joseph Penrose; 11th, Colonel Richard Humpton; 12th, Colonel William Cook; Delaware Line, one regiment: Colonel John Haslet; Maryland Line, seven regiments: 1st, Colonels William Smallwood and Francis Ware; 2d, Colonel Thomas Price; 3d, Colonel Mordecai Gist; 4th, Colonel Josiah C. Hall; 5th, Colonel William Richardson; 6th, Colonel Otho H. Williams; 7th, Colonel John Gunby; Virginia Line, fifteen regiments: 1st, Colonel James Reed: 2d, Colonel William Woodford; 3d, Colonels Hugh Mercer and George Weedon; 4th, Colonels Adam Stephen and Thomas Elliott; 5th, Colonels William Peachy and Charles Scott; 6th, Colonel Mordecai Buckner; 7th, Colonels William Dangerfield and William Crawford; 8th, Colonel Peter Muhlenberg; 9th, Colonels Charles Fleming and Isaac Reed; 10th, Colonel Edward Stevens; 11th, Colonel Daniel Morgan; 12th, Colonel James Wood; 13th, Colonel William Russell; 14th, Colonel Charles Lewis; 15th, Colonel David Mason; North Carolina Line, nine regiments: 1st, Colonels James Moore and Francis Nash; 2d, Colonels Robert Howe and Alexander Martin; 3d, Colonel Jethro Sumner; 4th, Colonel Thomas Polk; 5th, Colonel John A. Lillington; 6th, Colonel Edward Buncombe; 7th, Colonel James Hogan; 8th, Colonel James Armstrong; 9th, Colonel Abraham Shephard; South Carolina Line, five regiments: 1st, Colonels Christopher Gadsden and Charles C. Pinckney; 2d, Colonels William Moultrie and Isaac Motte; 3d, Colonel William Thompson; 4th,-------------------; 5th, Colonel Isaac Huger; Georgia Line, two regiments: 1st, Colonel Lachlan McIntosh; 2d, Colonel Joseph Habersham. Besides these eighty-nine regiments of infantry there were two artillery regiments: Colonels Richard Gridley and Henry Knox's Massachusetts Artillery and Colonel Charles Harrison's Virginia [p.11]Artillery. There was also a regiment of light horse organized in Connecticut by Colonel Elisha Sheldon. In 1777 the New Hampshire Line contained three regiments under Colonels John Stark and Joseph Cilley, Enoch Poor, and Alexander Scammell; the Massachusetts Line, sixteen, under Colonels Joseph Vose, John Bailey, John Greaton, William Shepard, Rufus Putnam, Thomas Nixon, Ichabod Allen, Michael Jackson, James Wesson, Thomas Marshall, Ebenezer Francis and Samuel Carlton (Lieutenant-Colonel), Edward Wigglesworth, Gamaliel Bradford, and Timothy Bigelow; the Rhode Island Line, two, under Colonels Christopher Greene and Israel Angell; the Connecticut Line, eight, under Colonels Jedediah Huntington and Josiah Starr, Charles Webb, Samuel Wyllys, John Durkee, Philip B. Bradley, William Douglas and Return J. Meigs, Heman Swift, John Chandler; the New York Line, five, under Colonels Gosen Van Schaick, Peter Van Cortland, Peter Gansevoort, Henry B. Livingston, and Lewis Dubois; the New Jersey Line, four, under Colonels Mathias Ogden, Israel Shreve, Elias Dayton, and David Rhea (Lieutenant-Colonel); the Pennsylvania Line, thirteen, under Colonels Edward Hand and James Chambers, John P. De Haas, James Irvine and Henry Bicker, Joseph Wood and Thomas Craig, Lambert Cadwallader, Francis Johnston, Robert Magaw, William Irvine, Æneas Mackay and Daniel Brodhead, James Irvine and Anthony J. Morris and Richard Butler, Joseph Penrose and James Chambers and Adam Hubley (Lieutenant-Colonel), Richard Humpton, William Cook and John Bull; the Delaware Line, one, under Colonel David Hall; the Maryland Line, seven, under Colonels John H. Stone, Thomas Price, Mordecai Gist, Josias Hall, William Richardson, Otho H. Williams, and John Gunby; the Virginia Line, fifteen, under Colonels James Reed and James Hendricks, William Woodford and Alexander Spotswood, George Weedon and Thomas Marshall, Thomas Elliott and Robert Lawson and Isaac Reed, Charles Scott and Josiah Parker, Mordecai Buckner and John Gibson, William Crawford and Alexander McClanachan, Peter Muhlenberg and Abraham Bowman and John Neville, Isaac Reed and George Matthews, Edward Stevens, Daniel Morgan, James Wood, William Russell, Charles Lewis, and David Mason; the North Carolina Line, ten, under Colonels Francis Nash and Thomas Clarke, Alexander Martin and John Patton, Jethro Sumner, Thomas Polk, Edward Buncombe, Gideon Lamb, James Hogan, James Armstrong, John Williams, and Abraham Shephard; the South Carolina Line, five, under Colonels Charles C. Pinckney, Isaac Motte, William Thompson, ------------- (4th), and Isaac Huger (5th); and the Georgia Line, four, under Colonels ---------------- (1st), Samuel Elbert (2d), -----------(3d), and John White (4th). Lieutenant Colonel John McIntosh commanded one of the Georgia regiments. In 1778 there were three infantry regiments from New Hampshire under Colonels Joseph Cilley, Nathan Hale, and Alexander Scammell; fifteen from Massachusetts, all but the 11th under the same colonels as in 1777; [p.12]two from Rhode Island, under Greene and Angell; eight from Connecticut, with the same colonels as in 1777, with the exception of the 2d, in which Zebulon Butler succeeded Charles Webb, and the 8th, in which Giles Russell succeeded John Chandler; five from New York, under the colonels of 1777; four from New Jersey, under the colonels of 1777; thirteen from Pennsylvania, under the colonels of 1777, with the exception of the 2d, in which Walter Stewart succeeded Henry Bicker, the 10th, in which George Nagel first, and afterwards Richard Humpton, succeeded to the command, and the 11th, which was disbanded and its place taken by Colonel Thomas Hartley's 4th Additional Continental Regiment; one from Delaware, under Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph Vaughan; seven from Maryland; fifteen from Virginia, under Richard Parker (1st), Christopher Febiger (2d), William Heath (3d), Isaac Reed and John Neville (4th), Josiah Parker and Richard Russell (5th), John Gibson and John Greene (6th), Alexander McClanachan and Daniel Morgan (7th), John Neville and James Wood (8th), George Matthews and John Gibson (9th), John Green and William Davies (10th), Daniel Morgan and Abraham Buford (11th), James Wood (12th), William Russell (13th), Charles Lewis and William Davies (14th), and David Mason and Abraham Buford (15th); North Carolina, eight; South Carolina, five; Georgia, four, Lieutenant-Colonel John McIntosh succeeding to command of the 3d, where he remained until the close of the war. In 1779, and thereafter, of the sixteen additional regiments raised under resolution of Congress of 27th December, 1776, the 2d and 3d (Virginia) were united under Nathaniel Gist; the 4th (Pennsylvania) was designated as the 11th Pennsylvania; the 5th, 6th, and 7th (Massachusetts) were united under Henry Jackson, and became the 16th Massachusetts in 1780; the 8th and 12th (New Jersey) were united under Oliver Spencer, and the remainder seem mostly to have been continued by their respective States as additional regiments until 1781. The Massachusetts Line (fifteen regiments) remained substantially intact until 1781; as did those of New Hampshire (three regiments), Rhode Island (two regiments), and Connecticut (eight regiments), until the end of 1780. Lieutenant-Colonel Isaac Sherman succeeded Giles Russell in command of the 8th Connecticut in October, 1779; and the names of John Bailey (in 1780), Ichabod Allen (in 1778), Samuel Carlton (in 1778), and Edward Wigglesworth (in 1779) disappear as commanders of regiments from Massachusetts. There was no change in the number or commanders of the five regiments of New York from 1778 to 1781, excepting in the case of the 5th, where Marinus Willet succeeded Lewis Dubois in December, 1779. In New Jersey, the 4th was probably incorporated with one of the additional regiments after 1778. In Pennsylvania, Morgan Connor succeeded William Irvine as commander of the 7th in May, 1779, and he was succeeded in January, 1780, by Josiah Harmar; the 12th and 13th were disbanded before the close of 1778. In Delaware, Joseph Vaughan continued in command of the one regiment from that State to the close of the war. In [p.13] Maryland, Otho H. Williams was transferred to the command of the 1st and John Gunby to that of the 2d, in January, 1781; Lieutenant-Colonels John E.Howard and Thomas Woolford serving successively in the 5th up to October, 1779, under Colonel William Richardson; and Lieutenant-Colonel N. Ramsay succeeding Mordecai Gist as commander of the 3d at the beginning of 1779. In Virginia, the 12th, 13th, 14th, and 15th regiments were disbanded towards the close of 1778; William Davies became colonel of the 1st, Abraham Buford of the 2d, and John Gibson of the 7th, in February, 1781; the 9th, 10th, and 11th having also been disbanded. In North Carolina there are no returns from the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, after 1778. In South Carolina, the 2d regiment seems to have been under command of Major Isaac Harleston after December, 1778, the 1st and 3d remaining unchanged to 1781; there are no returns, lists, or rolls of the 4th to be found, but Isaac Huger continued as colonel of the 5th to June, 1779, and the regiment remained in service until 1781. The names of Colonels Francis Marion and David Hopkins also appear in orders. In Georgia, the 1st, 2d, and 3d regiments remained in service to the close of the war; the 4th probably not later than 1779