Again where I'm confused now is what is the last closing tag between nests? I had NO /li at the end of index lines (the parent of each nested list). At the end on most of the nests I just had /ul or /ul /ul With that markup, the validator reported only 4 errors. (originally 37 errors but I got it down to 4) Barry's example has no /ul before switching to a new index. When I change the markup to /ul /li (with no final /ul on each list) to close the index li's then it throws errors. What am I doing wrong? Judy