When I first began making pages, I didn't know about "includes". Pat G. or Pat A. or others on this list told me about them and showed me how to make an include. But, at first I only used includes for certain parts of my pages, but not all things that I could have done. What is an include? An include is one page that contains info you might repeat all on many web pages. An include page therefore is inserted by code into many webpages. A webpage can use many includes. As an example, if you use a footer for your contact info and copyright, it's easiest to use an include because you'll only need to change ONE page to update your info. An include page can be used, as another example, to put internal links onto many webpages (for example, if you have a bunch of webpages on one topic and need to link those to each other, especially if the pages are consecutive reading, like book pages.) As we all figure out (eventually), links to other people's webpages change-- often frequently. We might use external links to libraries, newspapers, educational institutions, online encycopedias, wiki, etc. It's very disheartening when a favorite site removes their content, or re-arranges their websites, leaving us with numerous broken links on our webpages! I have learned a BIG lesson about putting a list of external links for GPS data on my pages for one specific folder in my website that contains hundreds of pages. This was before I knew about includes. I recently discovered that I have over 1,000 broken external links for the GPS data! Arrrgh! If I had put those external links in an "include page", I would now only need to update ONE page. Without an include, I now manually have to go fix a few hundred pages/over 1,000 links. But lesson learned-- this time, they are going into an "include". :-D (I'm thinking about putting all external links into includes in the future!) If you haven't started using Includes and don't know what they are, ask for help to learn how to make and use them. Includes truly will help you down the road as your website grows. Judy