The Neville Rigg book on Cumbria, Slavery and the Textile Industrial Revolution has a Section devoted to Ulverston Merchants in Liverpool with subsections for James Penny, John Bolton, and Moses Benson. This section is over 40 pages in length and contains over 100 citations -- very helpful for verification or cross referencing. Tim ----- Original Message ----- From: "Carol Bennett" <carol@tower-house.demon.co.uk> To: <ENG-CUL-COPELAND-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Monday, January 13, 2003 2:59 PM Subject: Re: [CUL-COP] White Slavery - correction > Hi Chris > > I haven't watched the programme yet, but have taped it. It > sounds really interesting. > > Lancaster, an important maritime centre, recruited a number > of Ulverston men during the mid-18thC to captain vessels > engaged in a growing slave trade. > > Richard MILLERSON & Robert DODSON, both of Ulverston, > owned between them, 6 Lancaster slavers. > > John BOLTON was born in Ulverston in 1756. He made his > fortune from the West India trade, dealing in slaves, rum & sugar. > > It's said that some slaves were unloaded at Penny Bridge wharf, from > where they were taken to Storrs Hall on the shores of Windermere, to > await allocation to other areas. > > > Carol > -- > Carol Bennett > Administrator, UK-ULVERSTON-FHS-L > Ulverston Heritage Centre: http://www.rootsweb.com/~ukuhc/ > > Co-ordinator, EnglandGenWeb: http://www.rootsweb.com/~engwgw > > ______________________________

To all owners of the Index of Copeland Wills, There are two corrections to the first Index that covers the years 1541 to 1857 Leech Bridget 1737 Drigg - Hill WI 257 DA419a: Drigg not Distington Hodgson Thomas 1694 Distington - Pikaside WAIC 418 HK846b: Pikaside not Parkside Best wishes to all, Nev.Ramsden

Hi, Steve Bulman has posted 7 of my old photos at his site - http://www.stevebulman.f9.co.uk/cumbria/ - under frames / photographs / old family photographers. All are definitely Cumberland - they are well documented by studio ; and NO documentation for family names !!! ARRGH. There is one with a Carlisle stamp, one with a Cockermouth stamp and five at 2 different Maryport studios. Most appear to be in the period 1870 - 1900, with one I believe to be c.1918. The 1918 is in Carlisle and I believe the matriarch to be a Trimble . Possible family names for the others would be Carl(e)ton, Irving, Birkett, McQuoid (outside possibilities include Jameson, Collin, McLean, Watson, Mossop, Stobbart or Wigham). There are a total of over 30 photos in this album with doubtful provenience ; from Cumberland, Durham, 1 from New South Wales and numerous from Colorado. The pivot point or central figure seems to be Sarah Isabella (Carlton) [possibly Stobbart] Birkett ; born 25 March 1846 in Cumberland to Thomas & Jane (McLean) Carlton and died 24 August 1913 in Colorado. In the 1881 census she was living with husband Robert Birkett in Durham ; there were also 2 Stobbart children (age 14 & 11) listed as "daughter-in-law" and "son-in-law". Robert, Sarah, both Stobbart children and both Birkett children were all born in Cumberland. I would be very grateful if all would take a look. Also I just noticed Steve has another site - The Churches of Britain and Ireland - http://www.stevebulman.f9.co.uk/churches/index.html . It is an absolutely great idea and I hope others get involved. I submitted an old photo I had of a church / chapel that would be either Flint, Wales or Cumberland. Thanks to everyone and especially to Steve (all though an amateur I know how photos can eat your site space), David

In message <008601c2ba95$31a22ac0$79987ad5@system1>, Chris Dickinson <chris@dickinson.uk.net> writes >I misunderstood from the programme that 35000 slaves per year >were captured, but the actual figure was 35000 slaves around at >any one time, needing about 8,500 slaves annually to replenish >stocks. > >That sounds a lot more believable. > >The website also quotes a figure that 160 British ship were taken >1677-80 - meaning that about 7000-9000 Brits were captured. > >I wonder how much that was to do with piracy in the English >Channel; or rather with the interception of British ships trading >with the Levant (big business then), or slaving down the West >African coast. > >Whatever, that level of ship loss must have included a >significant number of Cumbrian vessels. I'm now thinking more >seriously that quite a few of the individuals who disappear in my >records didn't migrate to Ireland or America, but plied the oars >as captives on Moorish ships! > >Chris >chris@dickinson.uk.net Hi Chris I haven't watched the programme yet, but have taped it. It sounds really interesting. Lancaster, an important maritime centre, recruited a number of Ulverston men during the mid-18thC to captain vessels engaged in a growing slave trade. Richard MILLERSON & Robert DODSON, both of Ulverston, owned between them, 6 Lancaster slavers. John BOLTON was born in Ulverston in 1756. He made his fortune from the West India trade, dealing in slaves, rum & sugar. It's said that some slaves were unloaded at Penny Bridge wharf, from where they were taken to Storrs Hall on the shores of Windermere, to await allocation to other areas. Carol -- Carol Bennett Administrator, UK-ULVERSTON-FHS-L Ulverston Heritage Centre: http://www.rootsweb.com/~ukuhc/ Co-ordinator, EnglandGenWeb: http://www.rootsweb.com/~engwgw

Carol Bennett wrote: >Who is Aunty Em, and how did a message from the >Cumberland list get onto this list? > >Just curious. If anyone wants to comment on this, please do so to me or Carol privately, NOT onlist. Chris chris@dickinson.uk.net ENG-CUL-CARLISLE-admin@rootsweb.com ENG-CUL-COPELAND-admin@rootsweb.com

In message <006a01c2ba7f$28971c80$c69387d9@v2n0r1>, Dave Banks <DavidKenneth@banks81.freeserve.co.uk> writes >Hi Aunty Em, > We no have the Museum Curator at The Beacon on >board. She is to contact the County Archaeologist in Kendal, to set up >a meet. >Colin McCourt and I are currently building a portfolio of supporters >to hopefully convince the local Council (who own the site) to allow >it. >In support of this I have just written to the Historical Metallugical >Society seeking their support, given Brownriggs early work with >Charles Wood on smelting platinum. >I now need interest groups for spa waters, salt manufacture, mine gas >& barometric pressure. Preferably professional societies, but groups >like my own mine research group are sometimes listened too, depending >on the audience! >Hopefully, we'll submit an application in Spring, and in parallel, >look for sources of funding and volunteers. Early days yet, but >interest is building. I've had a number of interested people approach >me, and have been told of a couple more, but not yet met up with them. >As usual, having been researching Speddings agents reports to Lord >Lowther for Brownrigg stuff, I've got tons of notes on mining >development, so far 1737-1739 and counting ..... >Interesting, that Carlisle Spedding, the Mine Agent, suffering from >the effects of mine gases following the Corporal Pit Disaster, had >leeches administered to his temples as a means of easing his >headaches! Not only that, but apparently it worked. I think I'll stick >to paracetemols! > >Dave. > >----- Original Message ----- >From: "Sarah Reveley" <txemily@yahoo.com> >To: <CUMBERLAND-L@rootsweb.com> >Sent: Sunday, January 12, 2003 1:22 AM >Subject: [CUL] Brownrigg Lab Excavation project > -- Who is Aunty Em, and how did a message from the Cumberland list get onto this list? Just curious. Carol

Aha, I misinformed you about the levels of white slavery. See: http://makeashorterlink.com/?Q16321013 I misunderstood from the programme that 35000 slaves per year were captured, but the actual figure was 35000 slaves around at any one time, needing about 8,500 slaves annually to replenish stocks. That sounds a lot more believable. The website also quotes a figure that 160 British ship were taken 1677-80 - meaning that about 7000-9000 Brits were captured. I wonder how much that was to do with piracy in the English Channel; or rather with the interception of British ships trading with the Levant (big business then), or slaving down the West African coast. Whatever, that level of ship loss must have included a significant number of Cumbrian vessels. I'm now thinking more seriously that quite a few of the individuals who disappear in my records didn't migrate to Ireland or America, but plied the oars as captives on Moorish ships! Chris chris@dickinson.uk.net

Hi Aunty Em, We no have the Museum Curator at The Beacon on board. She is to contact the County Archaeologist in Kendal, to set up a meet. Colin McCourt and I are currently building a portfolio of supporters to hopefully convince the local Council (who own the site) to allow it. In support of this I have just written to the Historical Metallugical Society seeking their support, given Brownriggs early work with Charles Wood on smelting platinum. I now need interest groups for spa waters, salt manufacture, mine gas & barometric pressure. Preferably professional societies, but groups like my own mine research group are sometimes listened too, depending on the audience! Hopefully, we'll submit an application in Spring, and in parallel, look for sources of funding and volunteers. Early days yet, but interest is building. I've had a number of interested people approach me, and have been told of a couple more, but not yet met up with them. As usual, having been researching Speddings agents reports to Lord Lowther for Brownrigg stuff, I've got tons of notes on mining development, so far 1737-1739 and counting ..... Interesting, that Carlisle Spedding, the Mine Agent, suffering from the effects of mine gases following the Corporal Pit Disaster, had leeches administered to his temples as a means of easing his headaches! Not only that, but apparently it worked. I think I'll stick to paracetemols! Dave. ----- Original Message ----- From: "Sarah Reveley" <txemily@yahoo.com> To: <CUMBERLAND-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Sunday, January 12, 2003 1:22 AM Subject: [CUL] Brownrigg Lab Excavation project > Hey Dave, what's the status of your Brownrigg lab dig? > Emily Morgan > > > "Remember, even a kick in the caboose is a step forward." > -anon > > > - ------------------------------- > Do you Yahoo!? > Yahoo! Mail Plus - Powerful. Affordable. Sign up now > > ______________________________

Hello, Have been testing the Leicester University site with the scanned images of directories. There are a total of 16 directories roughly covering 1815 to 1877 (they have some broader periods defined so I guess they plan to keep expanding the lists). They have a varying degree of county coverage ; unfortunately the "Pigot & Co National Commercial Directory for 1828-29" appears to be the only one with Cumberland coverage. But if you have ancestors from other counties you may find more inclusion. When I searched on the Cumberland names of interest to me I had the following number of hits (England wide)- Carlton 524 (few in Cumberland) Carleton 40 Trimble 9 Watson 1,996 McLean 19 McClean 0 Irving 127 Collin 73 Collins 1,028 Robinson 3,218 Jefferson 100 Raven 252 Grayson 94 Armstrong 818 David

Does anyone know how an estate of a person who died without leaving a will would be distributed in the mid 1700s? Assuming the person was male and had a modest estate. Ivan

Has anyone any info on the three stepsons my Tom BATES, licensed victualler of the Griffin Inn, Workington had acquired by the 1901 census. They are ; William BARWISE age 14, Stanley BARWISE age 12 and George BARWISE age 9, all born Frizington. Toms first wife died in 1889 leaving Tom with their three young children and the stepsons are not mentioned on the 1891 census nor in Toms will in 1907. A small sum was bequeathed to Alice HINCHCLIFFE the wife of Arthur HINCHCLIFFE of 8 Wesley St, Workington, Steelworker.

Jill, To quote from "A Study in Conservation" by Winston Barnett and Cyril Winskell" :- By 1799 the town, cramped by its physical limits, had become chronically overbuilt. Whitehaven was not a product of the industrial revolution. It did not become a Victorian slum; it was a Georgian slum. This was a great pity because Lowther had given his agents a brilliant brief or set of rules for developing the town. These were simply that each house should be not more and not less than 3 storeys in height, each 4-5 m (15 ft) wide, double-fronted if you had the money and with no side windows. It was a perfect formula for an urbane street architecture and the development of terraced housing. Behind these street façades - the houses enjoyed long and gracious gardens. Unfortunately Lowther gave up the freehold with the sale of house plots and it was the subsequent overbuilding which was put in hand after the initial occupants sold off their gardens that caused the environmental deterioration of the place for the next two centuries. Mel ----- Original Message ----- From: "John & Jill Coulthard" <jjcoulthard@btinternet.com> To: <ENG-CUL-COPELAND-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Saturday, January 11, 2003 12:12 PM Subject: [CUL-COP] Curious Street Numbers in Whitehaven > When looking through the 1851 census books in George Street, Whitehaven I came across the following. > > No. 67. Edward France, Master Mariner, wife and two children > > No. 67 and a half. Aquilla Keene, Minister of Whitehaven Methodist Chapel and Lady of Fortune Chapel, wife, two children and servant > > No. 67 and three-quarters. John Kitchen, Corn Factor, wife, three children and servant > > Now if these three families were occupying separate floors in a Georgian town house, why not conventionally label them 67, 67a and 67b? What happened to 67 and a quarter? Did Edward France and family occupy two floors? > > These were obviously people of some substance and not poor families crammed into a hovel. Presumably they were leasehold or rented properties. > > In Scotch Street at No. 87 were separate families living in Nos. 87, 87a, 87b and two different households in 87 and a half. All around were other families living one to a house though two elderly ladies were occupying a cellar or part of one each. Presumably nowadays these would be more kindly termed basement flats. > > Since this area of Whitehaven was a planned town, presumably a set amount of frontage and land was allocated to each building plot. As one cannot see through to the rear from the street I wonder if extensions and annexes were allowed to be built on at the rear and if so in what era. This might account for some of the multiple occupancies as well as the division of the principal rooms. > > Jill

Hi Can anyone help me with an entry on FreeBMD. I have a Martha Sandwith who married either Thomas Brown or Henry Watson in Cockermouth District quarter ennding December 1878. If anyone has details of her parents or siblings even better. Thanks in anticipation Gerald Sandwith _________________________________________________________________ MSN 8 with e-mail virus protection service: 2 months FREE* http://join.msn.com/?page=features/virus

We are researching the following names in the Copeland area: FRANCE DOBBINS SWAINSON JESSOP JAMES LIGHTFOOT TORDIFF PURDY EVENING ALLINSON HUNTER WALKER plus several others. Anyone who is interested will find more detail on our website http://www.usmk.net - just click the Cumberland link. Lynne Hall

Richard Sheridan, Sugar and Slavery, University of the West Indies, 1974. p. 236 Generally speaking, the Civil Wars [speaking of Britain not US] marked a change in the source and nature of emigration to the West Indies. Voluntary emigration did not cease after 1642, but the emphasis shifted to the forced migration of prisoners-of-war, political prisoners, 'felons condemned to death, sturdy beggars, gipsies, and other incorrigible rogues, poor and idle debauched persons.' Early migrants were chiefly Englishmen of lower middle-class origins. The Civil Wars, on the other hand, threw up a polyglot lot of Englishmen, Scotsmen, and Irishmen, including a few Royalists of distinguished lineage. Scottish an English prisoners were transported to the West Indies after the Royalist armies were defeated at Preston, Dunbar, and Worcester. Irish military prisoners suffered a similar fate after the storming of Drogheda, when Cromwell wrote: "When they submitted, these officers were knocked on the head, and every tenth man of the soldiers killed, and the rest shi! pped for Barbados.' Sheridan believes that the statistic from Barbados of 12,000 military prisoners having arrived there by 1655 may have been inflated. The plantation owners felt a need to keep the ratio of white to black from getting too large, and filled that need by importing them. "...in order that by their breeding they should replenish the white population," 400 women from the streets of London were sent to Barbados in 1656. In that same year the Council of State voted that 1,000 girls, and as many young men, should be taken from Ireland and sent to Jamaica. Although in the 1700s slaves who had been baptized considered themselves to be free in England, the Yorke and Talbot judgement of 14 January 1729 refuted this claim, "We are of the opinion, that a slave by coming from the West Indies to Great Britain or Ireland, doth not become free, and thus his Master's Property or Right in him is not thereby determined or varied; and that Baptism doth not bestow freedom on him, nor make any Alteration in his Temporal Condition in these Kingdoms. We are also of the Opinion that his master may legally compel him to return to the Plantations. A. N. Rigg, p. 56 ----- Original Message ----- From: "Chris Dickinson" <chris@dickinson.uk.net> To: <ENG-CUL-COPELAND-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Saturday, January 11, 2003 12:39 AM Subject: [CUL-COP] White Slavery > There has just been an excellent programme on British TV about > the activities of the Barbary Pirates in the seventeenth century. > > Barbary describes the northern coast of Africa from Morocco to > Libya and was, in the seventeenth century, famous for its > 'pirates'. They were a significant force in the Western > Mediterranean - and by the 1630s were active in the English > Channel and the coastlines of SW England and southern Ireland. > > I was already aware of such activity because the Journal of the > Cumbrian Quaker, James Dickinson, mentions his ship being chased > by 'Turkish pirates' when sailing from Gravesend to Holland in > the late seventeenth century; but I hadn't realised that many of > the Barbary corsairs were actually Dutch who had settled in N. > Africa and converted. > > Nor had I realised the extent of the white slave trade that was > the main incentive for their piracy. The suggestion made in the > programme was that about 35000 European white slaves reached the > markets of North Africa each year - so the actual numbers taken > must have been much greater. If the majority of these came from > raids on shipping or on the coastal populations of Italy, Spain, > France, Ireland and Britain, then that becomes a significant > factor in our genealogical research. > > How much impact did this have on our Cumbrian ancestors and their > families? Presumably at least some Cumbrian mariners ended up as > galley slaves; but maybe too some of your female (or male, come > to think of it) relatives found themselves in the harems of > Morocco and the Ottoman Empire! > > > Chris > chris@dickinson.uk.net > > ______________________________

Have you looked for Letters of Administration, or an Admon as it is called in England? There are different ways of dividing up an estate....but I would look for that first. I found one for 1787 signed by the widow of John Bowness in Whitehaven. I am not sure how much, percentage wise, it would be in those days.......doubt it would be the same as now. And the beauty of this one was that her two brothers also signed the paper........which gave me her maiden name and where she was from. Chris should be able to answer this, but is probably fast asleep. He helped me find this Admon for Mary Bowness. Good luck.......Heather > Does anyone know how an estate of a person who died without leaving a will > would be distributed in the mid 1700s? Assuming the person was male and had > a modest estate. > Ivan > > > ============================== > To join Ancestry.com and access our 1.2 billion online genealogy records, go to: > http://www.ancestry.com/rd/redir.asp?targetid=571&sourceid=1237 >

Hello, The people are not directly related to Cumberland ; but the general question could apply, as in the mining industry. My ancestor David Knowles said that when he was orphaned in 1821 he was sent to live with relatives and apprenticed to keep the books at a lime kiln. I have found 2 Knowles' in approximately the correct area (he was speaking to an audience of American children (at a sort of Cymanfa-Welsh eqiuvelant of a revival meeting) in western Nebraska in 1892, and who were probably not at all familiar with UK geography - he said it was Liverpool but I have found an entry across the river in Denbigh that looks promising). In the 1835 Pigot's of North Wales it lists an Edward and a John Knowles as "Slaters & Plasterers". Wouldn't a slater have access and reason to apprentice a nephew at a quarry/lime kiln ? David

Hello, As long as I've been involved in UK genealogy I've heard of Pigot. But I'd never seen it. The University of Leicester has put scanned images of at least 4 of his and at least 8 of other directories on line - http://www.historicaldirectories.org/ . I don't remember who posted or sent me this but I have to thank you ! It was about a month ago and I'm just now getting to it. If it came from here I apologize for the repost. I know "extreme" and "must see" (among others) are terribly overused phrases ; but this really is a must see site. David ps It is a little difficult to navigate.

----- Original Message ----- From: jtinnion <jtinnion@onetel.net.uk> To: CUL-COP List <ENG-CUL-COPELAND-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Saturday, January 11, 2003 4:32 PM Subject: Re: 1851 census Whitehaven > Also many thanks to Jill Coulthard for finding one of the children of this > family in St Nicholas baptisms. I always find the extent to which people > put themselves out to help and their expertise in searching all sorts of > records a heartening aspect of this hobby. > > Jennifer from Leeds. That should have read Holy Trinity baptisms!

Also many thanks to Jill Coulthard for finding one of the children of this family in St Nicholas baptisms. I always find the extent to which people put themselves out to help and their expertise in searching all sorts of records a heartening aspect of this hobby. Jennifer from Leeds.