Paul, I absolutely agree. And I think in regard to NPE we should consider in addition to recent understandings of what is implied but also with in the context of times previous. The list has devoted a considerable amount of time reviewing quasi and/or suspected historically connected surnames many if not most different to one another yet seemingly tied by clan, sept, and/or geographic area. With very close matches suggesting a relatedness between those of different surnames with in 1--2--3/67 genetic distances, one has to suspect NPE due to the obvious and/or adoption. For the same say over 300--400 years ago added to the list of possibilities (added to the obvious) I believe are name changes either forced or by choice, and or phonetic spellings, Anglicization, etc. Beyond that added to the list surname usage choices. I also believe, however in view of Celtic societies we also must consider their cultural practices and understand that their concepts of intimacies were likely quite different than ours today (our bias mostly due to Christian conversion). If one were to remember that, we also may understand better not only the spread of M222 (since that is the sub-clave we are mostly concerned with on this list) but also explain some of the surname issues themselves up to the point where intimacies out side the bounds of Christian marriage were forbidden by the church. Even at that, many of the more remote and protected Celtic populations already converted continued to practice their cultural heritages if you will up until fidelity perse was enforced and acts otherwise were kept in the closet. Susan