Bill, your research is interesting. Thanks for doing all that. However, I disagree with your interpretation of how a Deep Clade test is done at FTDNA. They PREDICT a haplogroup based on the first 12 STR markers, but they CONFIRM a haplogroup based on testing a variety of SNPs. http://www.familytreedna.com/deepclade-haplogroup-tests.aspx Allene