Here are a few links some might find interesting. The first is a phylogenetic tree by Bill Howard built from a collection of M222 haplotypes. _http://mysite.verizon.net/weh8/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/M222Ext. pdf_ (http://mysite.verizon.net/weh8/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/M222Ext.pdf) The second is an article Bill and I wrote on M222 using his techniques. http://mysite.verizon.net/weh8/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/M222Paper .pdf As most of you know most current TMRCA estimates for M222 come in at about 200-400 AD. give or take a few centuries. Bil's methods arrive at a radically different date: 1400 to 2000 BC. A second conclusion drawn in the paper will also be controversial: "Heuristic arguments point to an origin in Scotland, long before the reign of the Irish Chieftain Niall (of the Nine Hostages)." John