Denise: As to what "grubbing" means, today it means digging in the ground, to work hard, especially at something menial or tedious. Back in Colonial days it meant digging out stumps of trees and bushes when clearing land for planting. Today, we either hog stumps out with earthmovers, use stump grinders, or use dynamite. Our Colonial ancestors grubbed with shovels, hoes, and axes, or girdled, dug out, and aged the stumps and then burned them out. Grubbing played a major role in the 80% fatality of transportees to Virginia within a year after their arrival from England during the first sixty years of the Colony. Clearing away timber to make tobacco fields, as well as the intensive hand labor required for tobacco cultivation, harvesting, curing, packing, and shipping required a steady flow of transportees from Great Britain, given the mortality rate. Only Richard Davenport, Sr., of Caroline, is recorded as having slaves before 1760, so the Pamunkey Davenports were clearing their own fields, meaning they did their own grubbing. No Croshaw did such labor. John Scott Davenport Holmdel, NJ