________________________________ From: "[email protected]" <[email protected]> To: [email protected] Sent: Saturday, 13 October 2012, 4:10 Subject: CORNISH-GEN Digest, Vol 7, Issue 282 When replying to a digest message, be sure and highlight ONLY the message you are quoting and select "reply quoted text" or whatever option you have in your email program.  Please don't quote the entire digest.  And don't forget to change the subject line from "Reply to CORNISH-GEN Digest, Vol X, Issue XXX" with the subject line from the message you are replying to.  Cornish Volunteer Lookup Library http://homepages.rootsweb.com/~yvonne/cornishlib/cornishlib.htm Online Parish Clerks (OPC) http://www.cornwall-opc.org/ Questions or assistance: Contact Yvonne Bowers, Listmom [email protected] Today's Topics:   1. Emigration - Cornwall to Canada, 1844? (Carol Collins)   2. VIVIAN - Carvath St Austell (Christine Tregonning)   3. West Briton, 5 Sep 1856 Addendum (part 2) (Julia Mosman)   4. West Briton, 12 Sep 1856 News (Julia Mosman) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Message: 1 Date: Fri, 12 Oct 2012 21:08:24 +0000 From: Carol Collins <[email protected]> Subject: [CORNISH-GEN] Emigration - Cornwall to Canada, 1844? To: "[email protected]" <[email protected]> Message-ID: <[email protected]> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="windows-1256" Hi: Thanks to all who replied to my query.  By the way, a lot of Cornish emigrants settled around the Oshawa area of Ontario. Regards, Carol Collins                         ------------------------------ Message: 2 Date: Sat, 13 Oct 2012 10:29:43 +1300 From: "Christine Tregonning" <[email protected]> Subject: [CORNISH-GEN] VIVIAN - Carvath St Austell To: <[email protected]> Message-ID: <[email protected]> Content-Type: text/plain;    charset="us-ascii" Hello, I have found a marriage on line which suggests that my ancestor's sister Mary TREGONNING may have married a Thomas VIVIAN at St Austell in 1803. Thomas and Mary appear to have had the following children: 1806    Elizabeth 1808    Thomas 1809    William 1811    James 1814    Mary Ann 1817    Grace 1817    Jane 1819    Michael 1822    Hannah 1824    Caroline Thomas VIVIAN died in 1824 and the 1841 census has Mary living with her children Grace, Michael, Hannah and Caroline at Mt Charles.  The 1851 census has Mary living with her married daughter Anne (Hannah) who is married to John CALF.  Mary VIVIAN is recorded as being a visitor. She was a widow aged 69 whose occupation was given as pauper of tin miner and her place of birth was given as Gwennap. This ties in with a Mary TREGONNING who was baptised at Gwennap on 18 August 1782 whose parents were John TREGONNING and Grace (WASLEY). Is there anyone who is researching this VIVIAN family or who can add any additional information to the above. Regards, Christine ------------------------------ Message: 3 Date: Fri, 12 Oct 2012 20:36:47 -0500 From: Julia Mosman <[email protected]> Subject: [CORNISH-GEN] West Briton, 5 Sep 1856 Addendum (part 2) To: "[email protected]" <[email protected]>,     "[email protected]" <[email protected]> Message-ID: <[email protected]> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="Windows-1252" WEST BRITON AND CORNWALL ADVERTISER . 5 September, 1856  Addendum . DEVORAN, POINT, and PERRAN WHARF REGATTA . There has been no regatta at Devoran for the last ten years, although the branch of the river Fal, which extends to that part, offers good facilities for such an amusement, and the beautiful scenery of Carclew is viewed to advantage from the river, and the Devoran side of it. This year the regatta at Devoran has been resuscitated, through the exertions of some of the inhabitants, and an appeal for subscriptions having been liberally responded to, the whole amount collected was about GBP 40. . The regatta came off on Monday last, when the morning was very fine, but about ten o'clock heavy clouds darkened the atmosphere, and the rain poured down with but slight intermission until four in the afternoon. The time appointed for commencing the regatta was three o'clock, but the rain was so heavy and incessant that the committee had almost determined to postpone it, although that would have been a great inconvenience, as a considerable number of sailing and rowing boats had assembled to contend for the prizes, and a great many spectators were present, having left their homes before the rain came. Shortly after four o'clock the weather brightened, and the committee resolved to start the boats; a good breeze had sprung up, and after this time there was very little rain for the evening. . The river looked gay with a crowd of sailing and rowing boats; the "Sydney" steamer and vessels of the port had a great many people on board; and the Devoran side of the river was lined with spectators, some being also on the Carclew side. Cannon were fired at the starting and arrival of the boats, and Emidy's band greeted the victors with lively music. The Umpires of the matches were Captain W. HODGE, of Devoran, Mr. HENRY WILLIAMS, of Alma Cottage, Truro, and Mr. JOHN HERNAMAN, of Truro. . The first match was between sailing punts not exceeding fourteen feet. A considerable fleet of these started, no less than eleven sailing boats, which were as follows: "Albert", T. PETERS, Gerrans; "Durgan", C. TRELOAR, Devoran; "Eliza", N. HAYES, Devoran; "Ann", P. DUNSTAN, Point; "Swallow", W. OLIVE, Point; "James", R. WEBBER, Point; "Tom Scott", R. MICHELL and Son, Point; "Fourteen Brothers", J. WEBBER, Point; "Brothers", J. MAY, Point; "Kate," R. CHELLEW, Point; "Sisters" T. GRAY, Restronguet. . There was so little wind when these boats started that they were obliged to use their rudders, to scull, but soon the breeze freshened, and then the little fleet, with their distinguishing colours, tacking and manoeuvreing, presented a very pretty appearance; but in coming up to the moorings at Devoran the wind again failed, and the tide had set against them. The "Ann," which sailed remarkably well, passed the Devoran mooring at twelve minutes past six, considerably ahead of any of the other boats, and returned to the winning mark long before either of her competitors. The "Ann" is an old favourite, and well-known as a winner of former races in Truro river. The second boat was the "Tom Scott", and the third the "Durgan."  The "Durgan" forfeited the prize, in consequence of the steersman having attempted to propel her with an oar, the rudder having broken. The committee, however, considered that as the crew persevered in going round the course, they deserved something; and th! ey awarded them 7s.7d. as compensation. The wind had so much failed that the other boats, with the tide against them, could not make way and reach the winning mark. . The next match was between pleasure yachts not exceeding fifteen feet. Four started ? the "Cora", R. F. MICHELL, Truro; the "Primrose," JAMES BLEE, Falmouth; the "Active," W. WADE, Truro; and the "Gower" ROBERT STEPHENS Devoran. The course was from the moorings near the "Gap," (about half way between Devoran and Point) round a boat in Penpoll creek, thence round a boat opposite Tregunna wood, thence round a boat off Loe beach, back to and round the starting boat near the Gap; twice over the course. . There was an excellent start and the wind, N.W., had freshened to a good breeze. Unfortunately, after the boats had passed Marble Head, the wind failed, and it then became a mere drifting match to the winning mark. The committee very properly decided on sending the yachts only once round the course. At Mr. PHILLPOTTS's mark boat, off Loe beach, an occurrence took place which afterwards occasioned a dispute as to the prizes. The printed direction was, that all marks for sailing boats must be left on the starboard, and this direction was repeated by one of the committee before the boats sailed; but subsequently, another of the committee, who had authority to do so, called out to the yachts that they might round any of the marks as they pleased, except the winning mark. . [Two boats rounded Mr. Phillpotts's mark boat by leaving it on the starboard, but the third boat left the same mark boat on the larboard, and thereby gained an advantage. The wind failed at the same time, and the boat then used her large rudder as a scull, by which they came in second. The boat which came in third claimed the second prize, as the other boat went to the wrong side of the mark boat. That boat, of course, said they had instructions they could go on either side. The committee and umpires took a great deal of trouble to arrive at a right conclusion in the matter. All the crews were interviewed, and the crews of 3 boats stated that they heard no instructions allowing them to go on either side of the mark boats; they all understood they were to leave them on the starboard. The umpires considered they must adhere to the printed regulations, whereupon they awarded the second prize to the challenging crew. However, the committee awarded 10s to the crew of the boat whi! ch had crossed the finish line in second place by following the verbal instructions. The fourth boat, much smaller than the others, could not display as large a spread of canvas, and so lost the race.] . The length of the course for the rowing matches was about four and one-half miles, and a better and prettier course for such matches could not be selected. From the terrace, and a great number of the houses at Devoran, the rowing matches could be seen throughout the whole of their progress. . A contest between praams was very amusing. There were two Norwegian praams and one English: the "Mercurius," Capt. WHILLE of Longsound; the "Scandinavian," Capt. WRIGHT, Longsound; and the "I Will," D. HOYLE, Restronguet. The Norwegian seamen are known to be so skilful in the management of praams that it was considered, before starting, the Englishman had very little chance, and so the result proved. They made a good start together, and pulled lustily, but whilst the Norwegians pulled in a straight line, the Englishman was not so clever, but sometimes diverged to the right or left. At one time, he gained on his opponents, but at last seeing they were again fast going ahead he gave up the contest. The "Mercurius" came in first, and the "Scandinavian" second, both being heartily cheered on their arrival. . It was in contemplation to have a "shovel match", shovels to be used instead of oars, but the evening was too far advanced for this fun, and the committee declared the regatta concluded without it. The matches were on the whole well contested, and if the weather had been favourable, they would have afforded a very pleasant as well as exciting amusement. The assemblage of people soon separated, and at an early hour Devoran had resumed its usual quietude.                         ------------------------------ Message: 4 Date: Fri, 12 Oct 2012 22:10:00 -0500 From: Julia Mosman <[email protected]> Subject: [CORNISH-GEN] West Briton, 12 Sep 1856 News To: "[email protected]" <[email protected]>,     "[email protected]"    <[email protected]> Message-ID: <[email protected]> Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Isn't it interesting how the use of words change? Here, under Charity Concerts, the reporter lauds the performers who showed "zeal and disinterestedness" - exactly the opposite of what people expect today. And in some advertisements previously posted, employers wanted applicants with "unexceptional" references! Not precisely what employers want today. Julia ......................... WEST BRITON AND CORNWALL ADVERTISER Friday, 12 September 1856 . LOCAL INTELLIGENCE . CHARITY CONCERTS, BODMIN - These vocal and instrumental concerts took place on the 5th instant, and it is with pleasure we report the admirable manner in which the performers acquitted themselves, and the zeal and disinterestedness with which they cheerfully undertook and accomplished their parts. The harp, piano, and violin pieces were admirably executed. . Miss OLIVER and Mr. SQUIRE, who gave their valuable services last year, and received most deserved applause, afforded evident proof of great advancement since that period, under the talented masters with whom they have studied. The accomplished young harpist, MISS GILL (whose parents kindly allowed her to play on behalf of the charities) excited surprise and admiration by her exquisite performance, and the committee are extremely obliged for the great trust and assistance she has afforded. Miss SQUIRE sang the songs "Alone," by Stoch, and "Wild Rose" by John Barnett, in extremely good style and voice. . The committee much regret that they are likely to lose the future assistance of Dr. BOISRAGON, who has ever been ready and anxious to render his valuable services to the Bodmin charities, at the same time aiding much in a pecuniary way. As a highly accomplished musician and gentleman, his leaving Bodmin is greatly regretted, whilst at the same time he is heartily congratulated on his new appointment. Mr. A. DAWSON  with his usual kindness, materially assisted, and was much applauded in the songs "Phillis is my only joy," by Hobbs, and in Hatton's "Good-bye, Sweetheart, Good-bye," which he rendered with his usual ability and good taste. . We are sorry to say there was a sad falling off in the attendance at the morning concert, which is specially appointed for the wealthier classes in the neighbourhood, and through their absence of course a great diminution has taken place in the receipts. In the evening, however, the spacious room at the Guildhall was nearly filled, and the audience at both concerts were highly delighted with their entertainment. . Mr. ROBARTES, M.P., has with his usual charity intimated his intention of sending a donation; Dr. MICHELL, M.P., has forwarded 21s.; the Rev. W. P. FLAMANK. 21 s. and we must not omit to mention the very liberal assistance by the purchase of tickets on the part of some dissenters in the town, who are always prominent supporters of the charities of Bodmin. . HELSTON HARVEST FAIR - This fair, held on Tuesday last, was well supplied with cattle. There were very few fat beasts, but a great number of half-fed and low-conditioned bullocks. Only a small amount of business was done, few buyers being in attendance. Prices underwent no change. . WADEBRIDGE CATTLE MARKET - The supply of bullocks and sheep offered for sale here on Tuesday last was larger than usual. The demand, however, was brisk, and most of the cattle sold at good prices. Beef fetched from 60s. to 63s. per cwt. And sheep 6d. per lb. . THE COLLISION AND LOSS OF LIFE IN THE CHANNEL - The American merchant ship which was in collision with the "Ocean Home," off the Lizard, on Friday morning was the "Cherubim" of 1,800 tons, bound for London. The collision, which was one of terrific violence, took place at two o'clock in the morning. The "Cherubim" was proceeding up the channel for London, the "Ocean Home" was on her way from Rotterdam to New York, with German emigrants and a general cargo. It is supposed that the absence of a proper look-out was the cause of the collision. The vessels do not appear to have seen each other until they were in contact. They were at the time in sight of the Lizard lights. . Within twenty minutes from the collision the "Ocean Home" went down bodily. The captain (MERRIMAN) and twenty-two of the passengers and crew were taken on board by the "Cherubim," and on passing Plymouth they were received by the "Perseverance", No 3, pilot boat of that port, and about three o'clock landed there. Not one of them succeeded in saving more than the clothes he had on at the time. Immediately after the collision, the second mate, the steward, and four seamen, anticipating the catastrophe which so soon followed, got into the long boat, and much to the annoyance of Captain Merriman left the vessel and landed at Mullion.. . The "Ocean Home" had in crew and passengers 105 persons on board at the time of the collision. Six went off in the long boat, and twenty-two, as was said, were landed at Plymouth, but of the seventy-seven remaining there is no intelligence, and in all probability they have drowned. At the time of the collision all passengers were in their berths, and most of them were asleep. The poor people brought into Plymouth were at once received into the Sailor's Home, and their wants attended to. They were forwarded by the Shipwrecked Mariners' Society and by the Consuls of the countries to which they belong to their various destinations. Of course the circumstance under which the collision took place will form a subject for inquiry, probably in London, whither the "Cherubim" was bound and has proceeded. . WRECK OF THE "ZEBRA" - the wreck of the "Zebra" as it is in the water, on the Lizard point, with the engines, and every thing found in connexion with the vessel not salved already, was sold in one lot, on Thursday last, for GBP 115, subject to reservation of such cargo as may still be recovered through the buyer, twenty-five per cent, being paid on the value for compensation for its recovery. . FIRE AT HELSTON - On Saturday morning a fire broke out in the dwelling house of MR. HENRY PASCOE, tailor, in the market-place, Helston. It appeared that the kitchen chimney had been on fire on the previous day, and the soot had ignited a beam which was laid close to the flue. This continued smouldering for some hours, and about four o'clock on Saturday morning flames were observed in the sitting room by a person in the street, and he immediately alarmed Mr. Pascoe, who was sleeping in an adjoining room. The fire had broken through the sitting-room floor, and although there was a good supply of water, and two engines quickly on the spot, most of the furniture, a large quantity of books, and some bales of cloth which had been deposited in the room, were consumed. Mr. Pascoe's property was uninsured, and he is a loser to a considerable extent. . TRURO POLICE - On Monday, before Mr. NANKIVVELL, MARY ANN THOMAS and CATHERINE STEVENS, of Redruth, and MARY ANN WILLIAMS, of Liskeard, three abandoned females (the two former having been a long period in the county prison on previous commitments) were charged with being disorderly in the streets, and using obscene language at half-past one in the morning. They pleaded guilty to the charge; Thomas and Stevens were committed for twenty-one days to hard labour, and Williams, it being her first offence, to fourteen days' hard labour. . JAMES TRURAN, a miner, was charged with assaulting MARY ANN SOLOMON, a married woman, in Kenwyn Street, on the 4th instant. MARY ANN SOLOMON was going up the street in the evening, when she was accosted by the prisoner with improper language. She remonstrated with him, upon which he struck her with his fist a severe blow over the eye. He now said he was very sorry for what he had done, and that he was drunk at the time. As he seemed to regret his conduct, the magistrates allowed him to settle the case. He then paid the complainant a sovereign and expenses incurred, altogether GBP 1.15s.11d., and the case was dismissed. . CAUTION TO MARINE-STORE DEALERS - At Truro, on Friday last, before the Mayor and Mr. NANKIVELL, magistrate, THOMAS JOSE, marine store dealer in Pydar Street, was charged with neglecting to make a good and sufficient entry in his book of a quantity of old brass wire sieves, as required by Act of Parliament; and with neglecting to make a proper entry of a quantity of lead he had purchased. The insufficient entries were discovered by means of Mr. NASH, police superintendent, and police-constable WOOLCOCK going to Jose's shop to make inquiries about some lead, for stealing which, at Zelah, a man called WILLIAMS was in custody. . On questioning Jose, and examining his book, Mr. Nash found he had entered SAMUEL WILLIAMS's name, but not the articles purchased, or place of residence. Jose's book for the last two years was deficient in every entry, in not mentioning the residence of the sellers, and sometimes only the christian or the surname. Jose also admitted that he never entered anything under a shilling purchase, whereas the act requires that even the smallest purchases shall be entered. It appeared further that Jose was in the habit of immediately melting into small blocks any lead he might purchase. For the deficient entries on the 7th of July and the 28th of August, he was fined GBP 5 in each case. He said he was unable to read or write and had entrusted it to his son to make the entries. . MELANCHOLY ACCIDENT WHILE BATHING - On Tuesday morning last, a most distressing sensation was produced at Portreath, caused by a report that two gentlemen had suddenly disappeared while bathing just off the beach, which unfortunately proved to be true. It appears that Mr. HERBERT STEPHENS, and Mr. METFORD THOMPSON, of Bridgwater, who were on a visit to Portreath to see the sister of Mr. stephens, (who is at lodgings at the hotel) were seen to go into the water, and remained several minutes, when suddenly some one exclaimed, "the outer man has gone down."  This caused the other gentleman to swim towards the spot, but only to share a similar fate. The bodies were recovered by the aid of the ever-ready kindness and assistance of Messrs. D. BAIN and A. RICHARDS, who had their sean shot immediately, which enclosed them. All attempts, however, at resuscitation, were unavailing, the bodies having been in the water nearly an hour, before they were recovered. It is supposed that the ! under outward current was too powerful for them, and that although good swimmers, they were irresistibly drawn under water. . SUDDEN DEATH - At Camelford fair, on Saturday last, about ten o'clock at night, CATHERINE COCK, a person who usually attended the fairs in that neighbourhood, fell down in a public house called the Masons' Arms, and expired in a few minutes. The corpse was carried to the union workhouse the same night, where a coroner's inquest was held on it the next day, and a verdict returned "died by a visitation of God."  . CORONERS' INQUESTS - the following inquests have been held before Mr. HICHENS, county coroner: on the 7th instant, in the parish of Madron, on the body of MARY BAILEY, aged seventy-five years. The deceased occupied the lodge at Castle Horneck, in that parish, and on the 6th instant, shortly before her death, was seen by one of her neighbours (JANE THOMAS) to go into her house with an apron full of sticks and leaves, which she had swept up, and to leave it in about a minute or two after for apparently the same object, having her broom in her hand. In about ten minutes after, a woman who was passing the road, found her lying therein apparently dead, and immediately went to Jane Thomas's house and told her of it, when she forthwith accompanied the woman to the spot and found the deceased lying as represented, and lifeless. Help was procured, and the deceased was immediately taken to her own house. Verdict, "natural death."  . On the same day, in the parish of Crowan, on the body of ALEXANDER PENALUNA, aged thirty-seven years. The deceased was a person of imbecile mind, and since his father's death (which happened about two years ago) being unable to gain his own livelihood, has been chargeable to the parish of Crowan, but lived with his mother as before. He had been subject to fits for many years, and on Wednesday last was taken ill and went to bed, and remained there till his death, which took place on the following day, about eight o'clock in the evening. His mother and sister were at that time eating their supper below stairs, when they heard him shriek, as he was accustomed to do when taken with a fit, but becoming quiet sooner than usual, they went up to him, and found him lying on his back, lifeless. Verdict, "Natural death."  . At Portreath, on Wednesday last, on the bodies of two gentlemen who were drowned there on Tuesday whilst bathing. The particulars are given in another paragraph. Verdict, "Accidentally drowned."  . PERRAN WHARF HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY . The fourth annual exhibition of this society was held on Tuesday last, by the kind permission of Sir Charles Lemon, in the beautiful grounds of Carclew Park, where the society erected their spacious marquee. The site is a very attractive one to visitors, and proves of great advantage to the society. The attendance on Tuesday was very numerous; the amount taken for admissions being GBP 5 more than last year's receipts. ' The show, altogether, was a very excellent one; larger, and better than that of last year. It included some fine collections of plants and flowers. A superior collection of ferns was exhibited from Carclew . [The following persons were then noted as producing excellent flowers:  Mr. M.H. WILLIAMS of Tredrea, Mr. M. H. WILLIAMS, Mr. ROBERTS of Truro, Mr. H. C. CARNELL, of Perran Wharf, and Mr. MICHELL of Burncoose.] . In the department of vegetables, the cottagers, for whose benefit, mainly, the society was instituted, were superior to all other exhibitors. It was supposed by some persons to be rather an unequal match for the cottagers to have to compete with the amateur growers; the remark might apply as to flowers, but in vegetables the cottagers were unmistakeably triumphant. But they also exhibited some good flowers and fruit. Some of the cottagers' dahlias were good, and as to their asters they were very superior. Their nosegays evinced taste, the ornamental designs were creditable, and many of the window plants were very fine, especially the fuchsias. . In fruit also the cottagers were large exhibitors, particularly in collections of fine apples, and some very good pears for the season. Conspicuous at one end of the vegetable show were some immense gourds from Carclew, of the egg-shaped, oblong, and another variety; also some silver beet from Carclew. [There followed a list of vegetables, with descriptions, plus mention that MR. MITCHINSON, a judge, gave 10s . to enable separate prizes for both kidney and round potatoes, as they were so excellent.] The first prize wheat weighed 63 lbs.to the bushel of eight gallons, and was exhibited by Mrs. KNUCKEY, of Perranwell. . The ducks, Aylesbury and Rouen, were of such excellent quality that they gave the judges much trouble to adjudicate the prizes. Turkeys were not represented. . We should add that evergreens and flowers for the decoration of the place were given to the society by Sir CHARLES LEMON, Bart., M.P., Mr. ENYS, and Mr. M.H. WILLIAMS. The marquee was tastefully decorated by Mr. MURTON. About two thousand persons visited the exhibition, and more than GBP 35 were taken at the entrance. . We have received a list of prizes from Mr. H. C. CARNELL, the secretary, but in consequence of a press of advertisements, we are obliged to postpone their publication till next week. We should add, however, that the proceedings of the day were enlivened by the performances of the Constantine and Stithians bands. The former band performed in the marquee with excellent effect. . The annual festivities in connection with the society took place at the Norway Inn, where an excellent dinner was provided by Mrs. TRESEDER, and a party of about thirty was presided over by the Rev. F.H.A. WRIGHT, the vicar of the parish, and president of the society; the two vice-chairs being occupied by Mr. CARNELL and Mr. V. PEARCE. . After the removal of the cloth, Mr. WRIGHT responded to a toast, then said he would like to propose "the health of a very worthy gentleman and kind neighbour, Sir Charles Lemon," who had always been so kind as to lend the society his park for the exhibition, to which it owed a great part of its attraction. The toast was received with loud cheering, and responded to by Mr. WHITFORD, as the resident agent of Sir Charles, who said he felt sure that Sir Charles Lemon would always be ready to grant the society the use of the park, provided the people conducted themselves as they had hitherto done, and he hoped they would all have the pleasure of seeing Sir Charles at their exhibitions held in the park for many years to come. (Cheers) . Mr. SOWELL, of Penryn, one of the judges, strongly recommended the Irish Kemp potatoes, and said he had raised 210 Cornish bushels from an acre at Penryn, the potatoes being of excellent quality. Mr. MITCHINSON concurred in recommending the same sort of potatoes as one of the best for cultivation.                          ------------------------------ To contact the CORNISH-GEN list administrator, send an email to [email protected] To post a message to the CORNISH-GEN mailing list, send an email to [email protected] __________________________________________________________ To unsubscribe from the list, please send an email to [email protected] with the word "unsubscribe" without the quotes in the subject and the body of the email with no additional text. End of CORNISH-GEN Digest, Vol 7, Issue 282 *******************************************