ROADS AND FERRIES In the early days roads were constructed by commissioners appointed to lay out and maintain certain designated roads by act of the general assembly. The commissioners were authorized to call upon all able-bodied men living within a certain number of miles of the proposed road for assisting in building and maintaining the road. The area of service was delineated by the specific legislative act. The practical result of this system was that the commissioners called upon the landowners of the vicinity to furnish slaves to work on the roads, and the condition of the roads naturally varied from neighborhood to neighborhood. The earliest roads in Newberry District were the old River Road, authorized in 1765, which paralleled the Broad River from Gordon's Fort on Enoree to Moses Kirkland's on Saluda; the old Bush River Road, authorized in 1768, form Orangeburg to Kelly and Milhous's ferry on Saluda, and the to Rayburn's Creek in Lauren's; the Ninety Six Road, authorized in 1770, running between Indian Island ford and Hendrick's mill on Enoree and serving as a boundary between Newberry and Laurens districts; and the road from Saluda Old Town to Reedy River, also authorized in 1770. Numerous other roads were opened in Newberry District and all sections of the area were connected to the courthouse as well appear from Marmaduke Coate's Map of the District made in 1820. In 1827 the Western Turnpike Company was empowered by legislative act to construct a toll turnpike from the lower fork by Spring Hill to Newberry Courthouse and thence to the main road between the Black Jack Tavern and Laurensville. Numerous ferries were chartered over the Saluda, Broad, Enoree and Tyger rivers. Bridges were authorized over the Saluda at Chappells as early as 1792; over the Enoree at Henderson's in 1805; and over the Tyger at Sims' as early as 1809. ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com

In 1825, Robert Dunlap, a member of the Newberry bar and resident of the village, petitioned Colonel Abram Blanding of the state board of public works for information of the prospects of navigating the Saluda that season and requested information as to the expenses at each of the locks on the river. Dunlap had commenced building a boat at the Old Town ferry which was nearly completed and which measured fifty-six feet in length and six and one-half fee in width. He planned to operate this boat constantly from Indian Island ford to Columbia if navigation would permit. Dunlap thought the system of internal improvements would greatly benefit this part of the state; he said the sluice at Lee's Shoal needed work, that the sluice at Towle's mill just above Old Town ferry needed work, but that the canal and locks at Lorick's mill were all right. Whether this experiment succeeded, the history of the period is silent. It does show how eager the upcountry people were for a better method of transportation than the inland road system; the need was met by the railroad network which spread over South Carolina later in the antebellum period. By 1840 it was generally recognized that the system of internal improvements pursued by the state had failed to produce the benefits expected, that it was entirely useless to continue appropriations for canals and the rivers, and that the roads from the midland towns to the state's northern boundary should be improved as that part of the state must depend on overland transportation. ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com

TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS In the beginning of the century, Newberry was dependent entirely for transportation upon roads. The rivers within the district were not navigable and the Saluda and Broad rivers forming the district boundaries were only partially so. The legislature had appropriated considerable sums prior to 1800 to insure the navigability of the Broad and Saluda, and after that date it continued to do so throughout the first third of the nineteenth century. By an act of 1801 commissioners were appointed to contract for opening the Broad and Pacolet rivers: Warren Buford, William Hill, Arramanus Lyles, Joseph Brown, John Pearson, Joseph Hughes, Thomas Taylor, Robert Stark, and John Adam Summer. In 1805 the legislature found that "the opening and clearing of the inland navigation of the large rivers of this state, would be highly beneficial to the agricultural, commercial and general interest thereof, and would greatly facilitate and cheapen the carriage of produce and other heavy commodities to market." It appointed as commissioners to contract for and superintend the opening of the Saluda and Broad: John Dreher, James Gowdy, Sampson Pope, Major William Moore, Philemon Berry Waters, William Caldwell, and Elihu Caldwell. Locks were erected on the Broad and Saluda near Columbia and at Lorick's on the Saluda between Newberry and Edgefield districts. Robert Mills insisted that the Saluda River was navigable for 120 miles above Columbia with the Saluda Canal, two and one-half miles long, with five locks, overcoming a fall of thirty-five feet; Dreher's Canal, one mile long, and with four locks, overcoming a fall of twenty-one feet; and Lorick's Canal, which had a single lock of six feet lift. He made many converts by his advocacy of internal improvements financed by the state. ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com

I've also noticed something else about these early time periods...the serious lack of the name Coate, Coates, Coats or Cots in any of the records...among the Regulators was Robert Buzzard and Rudolph Buzzard and Charles King...remember it was Charles Coats who purchased his land from a Buzzard... Also Jacob Brooks' Fort on the Bush River would have been near William Coats of 1766 land...but in all this info the name Coats does not appear...now if William was living on the Bush River prior to 1762, that would mean he was involved in this or it could mean he moved into the area between 1760, about the time the Cherokee war ended and 1762... In the Moderator Movement of 1768, Furnas' neighbors of the Bush River settlement signed peittions for his appoitnment as commioner to built roads...those records should be in the Council Minutes and owne of those Neighbors should have been William Coats... Notice the term Bush River Settlement being used...that settlement to my knowledge has not been put on any plat maps... Char ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com

I'm just making some observations on the little map Marm did of the public square around the courthouse: He shows a Henry Coate, Esq. as owning land and a Henry Coates with land...the significance here could be that there are two Henry's owning land here....one spelled Coate and an Esq. and the other spelling is Coates...Marmaduke has spelled his own name Coate....as a surveyor and a member of the Coate family, he would know the significance of detail....and this could show that these two Henry's are from different families but they certainly knew each other... Char ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com

I'd say those Council minutes might have some valuable information in them...petitions and affidavits etc. 3. William L. McDowell, Jr., Editor, Documents Relating to Indian Affairs 1754-1765, Columbia, S.C., 1970, pp. 495-496. 4. General Tax Receipts and Payments, 1761-1769, Public Treasurer of S.C., MS, State Archives. 5. Richard Maxwell Brown, The South Carolina Regulators, Cambridge, Mass. 1963, p. 11 8. David Ramsay, M.D., History of South Carolina, 2 vols., Newberry, S.C. 1858, I, 120 9. Charles Woodmason, The Carolina Backcountry on the Eve of the Revolution, ed. by Richard J. Hooker, Chapel Hill, 1853, p. 279. 11. South Carolina Gazette and Country Journal, July 28, 1767 --------------------------- I'm listing the footnotes as possible references...Pope got all the names he used I'm sure from these early resources...at the end of the book he also lists the primary sources he used for information.... ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com

THE MODERATOR MOVEMENT OF 1765 Opposition soon arose to the Regulators from a variety of sources in the upcountry. Naturally the meaner element who had felt the strength of the Regulators wanted to curb them. Respectable citizens who abhorred extralegal assumption of power formed another group of opponents. Some of the justices of the peace who felt that they had been unfairly treated formed another nucleus of opposition. The efforts of the Regulators in attempting to make everyone conform to their own ideas of morality inevitably brought the movement into disrepute much as a later KU Lux Klan would o. And, of course, there were the usual opportunists who saw a chance for leadership. Of help to these opponents of the Regulation were those at the seat of government in Charleston who saw the opportunity to hit back at the Regulators for daring to defy the authorities there. Gilbert Hays of Clouds Creek and John Furnas of Bush River were two justices of the peace who were removed from office on complaint of the Regulators. clearing themselves before the Council, both were reinstated but then removed for good. When Hays sought to sue Moses Kirkland, Edward McGraw, and Henry Hunter in the summer of 1768, the Regulators prevented the provost marshal's deputy from serving the process by capturing him. In that same year Furnas' neighbors of the Bush River settlement showed their confidence in him by petitioning for his appointment as commissioner to build the road from Orangeburg to Rayburn's Creek. Of more moment was the mistreatment of Major John Musgrove of Bush River and his brother, Colonel Edward Musgrove of Enoree. Edward Musgrove was one of the most influential men in the upcountry-one of the early settlers, he was a militia officer, deputy surveyor, and justice of the peace. During the Cherokee War he had commanded Fort William Henry Lyttelton on the Enoree. As a man of education and some training in the law, Musgrove was counsellor to a large segment of the population. His brother John was the object of special hatred by some of the Regulators and was roughly handled by them and driven from his home in the winter of 1769; Edward took his brother's side and was himself then indicted as a "very bad person and encourager and conniver of thieves and robbers." Jonathan Gilbert, a justice of the peace who lived on Beaver Dam Creek, was a friend and neighbor of John Musgrove. He went to Charleston and related the story of Musgrove's persecution to Governor Montagu and the Council. Based on his story and many affidavits which he submitted, the Council revoked the commissions as militia officers of Colonel Tacitus Gaillard, Robert Cunningham, Major James Mayson, Robert Buzzard, Jacob Fray, John and Jacob Fulmore and Elisha Teiger. It also revoked the commissions as justice of the peace of Gaillard, Mayson, and Wofford, some of the more important men in the entire backcountry. This bred even more bitter feelings and increased the existing tension. Seeing an opportunity to strike back at those who had brought order to the upcountry, the rougher element joined forces with Gilbert and the Musgroves. Gilbert and his cohorts organized the so-called Moderator movement among the various dissident elements. The notorious Joseph Coffell (otherwise known in history as Scoffel or Scovil) from Orangeburg District was put in command of the Moderator force. He and John Musgrove enlisted 100 men upon promise of a monthly salary of 20 pounds; they appropriated food and supplies from the settlers without authority. When challenged by a band of Regulators, they fired upon and wounded one of the Regulators and killed fifteen horses. Brown says that the Moderators used the same methods which the Regulators had employed a few years before. However, the Regulators justified their methods on questionable moral grounds but denied the same privilege to their opponents. Both sides prepared for the showdown. On Saturday, March 25, 1769, about six hundred or seven hundred Regulators met a like number of Moderators prepared to do battle at John Musgrove's plantation at the mouth of Bush River in present-day Newberry County. After a few shots were exchanged and it appeared that a bloody encounter would ensue, Colonel Richard Richardson, Colonel William Thomson, and Daniel McGirt suddenly appeared; by dint of their leadership the two groups agreed to come to terms. Both sides agreed that the law should take its course, the Regulators agreed to abolish their name, and the Moderators agreed to disband. Thus the South Carolina Regulators avoided a major battle; the North Carolina Regulators did not and had their Battle of Alamance. The Regulator movement ended in present-day Newberry County but its effects were apparent in the passage of a circuit court act and a growing awareness of the needs of the backcountry for an orderly society. ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com

AFTERMATH OF THE CHEROKEE WAR Although the termination of the war ended the Indian threat to white occupation of the upcountry, lawlessness posed a threat. After two years of war with its dislocation of society, crime and chaos prevailed. Idleness in the stockades bred a contempt for the rights of others. The abandoned homes invited pilferage. Horse stealing became common. Cattle were killed or stolen. It was easier to steal than to work. As Dr. Ramsay concludes, "It had tainted the principles of many of the inhabitants, so as to endanger the peace and happiness of society." Unhappily the existing colonial government was inadequate to the task of restoring law and order in the upcountry. The closest court was 150 miles away in Charleston. The only local authorities were the justices of the peace who lacked criminal jurisdiction; they could only issue warrants for arrest. Prosecutors and witnesses had to make the long trek to Charleston for trial. The expense of transporting the criminal to that city was great and the chances of escape en route were many. Once there, the course of justice was unpredictable. If convicted, the criminal stood an excellent chance of being pardoned by the colonial governor. Although taxed for the support of the Church of England, the settlers of the upcountry had no established church - nor did they have schools, or roads, or representatives in the all-powerful Commons House of Assembly. Lands were taxed by the later but the abuse of the taxing power over the upcountry by the coastal section was more arbitrary than that of the House of Commons over the colonies. Gangs of outlaws lived on the fringes of the settlements and preyed upon the respectable farmers. The outlaws were absconded debtors, idlers, gamblers, unsavory refugees from northern colonies, deserters from the military forces, settlers ruined by the war; they were often mulattoes, Negroes, and half-breeds of white and Indian origins. These outlaw camps were of both sexes - when natural conditions did not furnish enough female recruits, the villains resorted to abduction. Woodmason says that thirty-five girls were once recaptured but had "grown too abandoned ever to be reclaimed." Govey and George Black, born in Fredericksburg Township on the Wateree River, were leaders of a desperate gang that terrorized the Fork of the Broad and Saluda after the Cherokee War. On june 16, 1767, they shot Captain Robert Buzzard at his home on Cannon's Creek, left him wounded, and then returned to steal his horses and household possessions. They then "Proceeded to the House of one Wilson, burned him in a shocking manner with Light wood and red hot Irons, and then took from him every Thing of Value he had." "Twelve days later Dennis Hayes, an aged storekeeper of Beaver Dam, received a visit from the gang. About nine o'clock at night, seven or eight men, all painted like Indians, pushed into his house. They tied the old man's hands behind his back looted 3000 (pounds) worth of goods, and before leaving ravished Mrs. Hayes and her ten-year-old daughter." ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com

A second attack on Ninety Six was repulsed early in March, but the Indians wrought havoc in the Saluda valley. Petitions from the Enoree forts declared the inability of the settlers to hold them longer without assistance. They were promised reinforcements and warmly commended for their brave defense. The militia colonels were ordered to call out companies for patrol duty. On June 20, 1760, Lieutenant Governor Bull requested the Assembly to provide funds to relieve the needs of the refugees in the Forts; 5,000 pounds was appropriated for this purpose. Bull spent 2,000 pounds for relief from July 1760 to January 1761, and the colony later paid for provisions and wagon hire for Brooks' (or Rhall's) Fort, Pennington's Fort and Turner's Fort. In July 1761 it appeared that at least some of the commanders of the forts had conspired to defraud the needy settlers. Abraham and Jacob Pennington were suspected, but the investigating committee appointed by the Assembly was unable to gather sufficient evidence to document the charges. In present Newberry County, Llewellin and Hughes were killed and scalped in October 1760 near Pennington's Fort on Enoree. On March 16, 1761, eight Bush River settlers who ventured out of Brooks' Fort were attacked by twenty-seven Cherokees, who killed and scalped Cadwallader Eaton and took Edward Box prisoner. The Assembly resolved to provide for seven troops of rangers of seventy-five men each to be continued in service until July. The commanders were Captains Grinnan, Brown, Watts, Pearson, Russel, Brooker and McNeal. Major William Thomson was appointed commandant of the entire force. An eighth troop was organized in January 1761, forming a regiment of 600 men. These rangers took part in the campaigns of both Colonel Montgomery and colonel Grant, being disbanded July 1, 1762. These rangers were from the middle and backcountry and included many men from the Fork of the Broad and Saluda. Colonel Montgomery, with 1,200 regular British troops, marched from Charleston to Ninety Six and thence in May 1760 into the Cherokee stronghold on the Little Tennessee. After being ambushed and suffering some losses, Montgomery retreated, abandoning Fort Loudoun. The defeat of Montgomery's force caused many settlers to flee the upcountry; many went to Saxe Gotha and others further toward the coast. Others held firm in their stockaded forts. In 1761, a second campaign under Colonel James Grant was launched against the Cherokees. Although Grant burned fifteen Indian villages the results were inconclusive; the war came to an inglorious end by the Treaty of Charleston made in December 1761. Thanks to government assistance, the upcountry escaped starvation, but the war meant economic ruin for those who held out. The farms lay vacant and uncultivated, their stock ran wild, and they had been unable to harvest a third of their normal crops. Richard M. Brown says that the backcountry during the Cherokee War was a huge disaster area. ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com

John Pearson reported to Governor Lyttelton on February 8, 1760: The Result of this is to inform you in Breif of the deplorable State of our back Inhabitants, they being chiefly killed, taken Prisoners and drove into smal Forts, only some who hath made their Escape by Flight and that as low as to Saxegotha Township, and we are now building Places of Safety in my District as well as we can. How long we may continue in Safety in them I know not for the Tourrant hath been so great they have burnt all Goudy's House except the little Fort you built round his Barn, where he and Capt. Francis and some few more are penned up.. They have likeways endeavoured a Fort (at) William Turner's where they have had a smart Engagement, and as I hear they killed some of the Indians notwithstand the (sic) went away down to old Thomas Haverds and got into his Barn, and there they, the old Man and what few Men he had in House a considerable Time (sic), but in short they have burnt and destroyed all up Bush River, except Jacob Brooks where there is some People gathered together to stand in their own Defence. All up Saludy, Little River, Rabourns Creek, Long Cane, and Stevens Creek, are all destroyed. I am informed they have killed 27 Persons on Rabourns Creek, and out of 200 persons that were settled on the Long Canes and Steven's Creek not above 40 or 50 to be found, so that the Case is very desperate, and all the People that move down, hardly one stops at the Congarees, so that I may say we are now the back Inhabitants, and unless there is about 2 or 300 Men raised in scouting Parties and an Officer over 50 to scour the Woods and stop the Tourrant, I don't doubt that they will destroy chiefest of the Country. So soon as I have finished my Fort I shall endeavour all I can for common Good. I know of several stout Men, who with proper Encouragement, that is to say, so much certain per Month, and so much per Scalp, would make it their entire Business to pursue and kill and destroy those merciless Villains wherever they went. If your Excellency in your most wise Consideration should think proper to appoint Captains for Scouts and would send up Commissions for that Purpose with Orders to raise Men, and on what Encouragement, I don't doubt but there may be a good many Men got here directly. And I am with humble Submission, Those who gathered in Turner's Fort, Brooks' Fort and the forts on Enoree likewise withstood attack. Only these stockade forts prevented disaster in the Fork of Broad and Saluda. ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com

Chapter Two - Pope THE CHEROKEE WAR In 1759, a garrisoned fort was established at Ninety Six, where a trading post had existed since 1750. Smaller forts were built by the settlers as refuges for the scattered inhabitants in the Fork between the Broad and Saluda. On the Enoree, there were five: Aubrey's, Gordon's, Musgrove's, and two erected by the Penningtons. On Broad, John Pearson had a fort, while Jacob Brooks maintained one on Bush River not far from the present city of Newberry. William Turner's fort was at the mouth of Little River. Sporadic attacks by the Indians had deterred settlement of the upcountry from 1755 until war erupted in 1759. On February 1, 1760, the first blow fell upon the new settlers of Long Cane in Abbeville County. About one hundred fifty settlers, including the Calhouns, made the fatal mistake of trying to flee with their loaded wagons. They were attacked near a crossing of the creek, twenty-three settlers were killed, and nearly as many were captured. A similar ambush resulted in like casualties among another group crossing Stevens Creek. Ninety Six withstood attack. ----------------------- footnote: 1. O'Neall, op.cit., p. 57. Meriwether, op. cit., p. 212 and p. 234n, puts Turner's Fort on Little Saluda near its mouth. Larry E. Ivers, Colonial Forts of South Carolina, 1670-1775, Tricentennial Booklet Number 3, Columbia, S.C., 1970, pp. 18, 19 and 74, follows Meriwether. I am confident Meriwether confused the Little Saluda with Little River; both are tributaries of the Saluda but lie on opposite sides of the river. William Turner was granted 250 acres on North side of Saluda River on May 15, 1751. The plat shows this land was on north side of Little River, the certificate of John Pearson, D.S., reciting that the land was on the north side of Saluda River and bounded on all sides by vacant land. Royal Grants, IV, 353; Plats, V, 108. Up to the outbreak of the Cherokee War he had been granted 150 acres on the Pigeon Roost near Beaver Dam Creek and eighty-three acres adjoining his first grant. Royal Grants, VI, 75 and VIII, 111; Plats, V, 473 and VI, 93. ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com

Got this from a cousin...this is Cherokee general info for those looking in OK....Char ----Original Message Follows---- Also found out where the "Indian Burial Ground" is. It is located in Grove, OK. When Grand Lake was made they moved the remains to Grove. ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com

Might this be the wife of William Coats in Philly that was the Col in the Revolution? Book W, Page 420 No. 243 - 1793 COATS, Martha. N. Liberites. City of Philad'a. (Widow and Relict of William Coats.) Signed Sept. 8. 1789. Mother- Martha Pricket, (Kentucky) Child- Sarah, (Wife of Peter S. Glentworth) Sister- Mary Chinoth (in Virginia) Nieces and Nephews- Martha, (Daughter of Joseph Pricket, Burlington Co. New Jersey) Hannah Chinoth (of Kentucky) Friends- Hannah, (Daughter of Mary Jones) Exec. George Ingles, and Thomas Fitzgerald. Witnesses- Thomas Barnes Junr., Samuel Garrigues. Prov. Aug. 2. 1793. Wills: Abstracts, Will Book W, 1790-1795: Philadephia Co, PA ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com

These are just some of the references made in the foot notes for Chapter one...: 1. John H. Logan, A History of the Upper Country of South Carolina, Charleston, 1859, p. 23 4. Robert L. Meriwether, The Expansion of South Carolina, 1729-1765, Kingsport, Tenn., 1940, p. 124 5. David Duncan Wallace, South Carolina A Short History 1520-1948, Chapel Hill, 1951, p. 173 9. E.B. Hallman, "Early Settlers in the Carolina Dutch Fork, 1744-60," (unpublished Master's thesis; Wofford College, 1944) p. 30 11. Charles Town became Charleston in 1783; present-day spelling is used herein. 12. Journal of the Council, April 2, 1754, XXIII, 171-172 14. Wm Roy Smith, South Carolina as a Royal Province, 1719-1776, New York, 1903, p. 184. 18. Journal of the Council, August 28, 1753, XXI, Part 2, 600. 19. Ibid., February 1, 1754, XXIII, 69. (Gary and Garey are used interchangeably.) 20. Royal Grants, XVI, 580; Plat Book X, 199; Memorial Book VIII, 264. (John Gary was entitled to 250 acres based on the size of his family. Apparently he only applied for 200) ---------------- end of notes ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com

Ordinary grants, as distinguished from bounty grants, required payment of a small fee. The head of each family was allowed to petition for 100 acres for himself and 50 acres for each member of his family, including servants. The size of the grant was based upon the "head rights" and most settlers who came to the backcountry from the eastern colonies secured their land by such grants. To secure a grant, the early settler secured a precept from he surveyor general directing a deputy surveyor to lay out a certain tract. The deputy surveyor then made his survey and certified it, and the settler petitioned the Council for a grant of this land. The non-bounty settler paid taxes from the date of the warrant or precept and paid quitrents to the crown commencing two years after the grant was made. Claim jumping was not rare. Often other settlers appeared before the Council to contest the granting of the land and in other instances claimants attempted to secure grants for themselves after the warrant had been issued for the survey. One case arising in what is now Newberry County required several long trips to Charleston and several hearings before the grant was settled. On August 3, 1753, John Garey petitioned the Council for an order to the surveyor general to lay out to him 200 acres of land on Bush River, upon the waters of Saluda River. In this petition, he states that he came to South Carolina from Virginia, together with his wife and two children, with a design to settle and improve some of his majesty's vacant land; that he found a spot of ground on Bush River which he judged proper and accordingly built himself a small house and made several improvements on the land, intending to apply for a grant of the same. He avers that one Abraham Pennington thereupon purchased a bounty warrant from a foreign Protestant without leave of the Council and had employed a deputy surveyor to run out the same, and that, when Pennington learned that the petitioner was planning to appear before the council, he had gone to the petitioner's father and offered to sell him the same land. The petition was read and approved on August 28, 1753, and the Council ordered the surveyor general to run out the 200 acres to the petitioner. On February 1, 1754, John Gary again petitioned the Council concerning this land on Bush River. His neighbors, Thomas Johnson and George Dalrymple, appeared before the Council and proved that Abraham Pennington had run the land out of spite upon a warrant he had purchased and sold again without any grant. The surveyor general was ordered to resurvey the land of John Gary. He was finally granted the 200 acres on Bush River on August 19, 1768. As has been stated, the head of a family could acquire fifty acres for each servant. It was not uncommon for a person unable to pay his passage from Europe to bind himself over to serve another immigrant for a term of years in return for transportation to the colony. Indentured servants became citizens with full rights to secure grants of property themselves after they completed their terms of service. The other method open to new settlers to acquire lands was that of purchase. Many immigrants preferred to buy lands that had already been cleared and houses which had already been built. They did so by paying the original settlers for their lands; these early deeds were recorded in Charleston. _______________________ end of Chapter One ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com

Those with many other Inducements, which might be added, Well known to their Worthy Superiours, they humbly hoped would gain them a favourable Audience, and stir up in the minds of their Honble Legislature, a Generous Ardour, to prevent a blow, they had so much reason to expect the approaching Spring, which thro' the Blessing of Providence might Also save the lives of many a helpless Infant, who by the said Providence might live to express their grateful acknowledgment by their future readiness to serve their KING and COUNTRY. As a delay in this matter might be of ill consequence in Sundry Shapes They therefore Humbly Prayed His Excellency and Honble Council, with the Honble House of Assembly would take into Consideration, and Grant their Humble Petition. The council approved the petition and sent it to the Commons House of Assembly which, on February 7, 1755, passed a resolution providing a troop of fifty men to range the country from the Broad to the Savannah rivers. The Assembly recommended one William Gray as captain. Glen rebuked the Assembly for interfering with his executive prerogatives and commissioned Captain Francis (one of the petitioners) to lead the rangers. The Assembly requested the governor to reconsider; he then recalled the commission and issued one for Gray. Gray served for only six days before he abandoned the command and went home. Captain Francis was restored to command. In 1759, two small troops were enlisted under Captains Fairchild and Hunt to range the area between the Broad and Saluda rivers. Of the eighty-eight petitioners, Thomas Gary, Charles Gary, Robert Box and Thomas Johnson are identifiable as settlers on Bush River while Abraham, Isaac and Jacob Pennington, John Gordon, Benoni Fowler, John Odell, John Casey, and Joseph Duckett are of the Enoree settlement. Others lived south of the Saluda River and some in the Dutch Fork. The fact that the petition bore that many names is indicative that the area between the rivers was rapidly being settled. The backcountry had a population of nearly seven thousand whites and only three hundred slaves in 1759. The manner of distributing land is interesting. For those poor Protestants induced to come to Carolina from German, Switzerland, and Ireland, the provincial government provided inducements in the form of transportation, free land, and some provisions and farm tools. The head of each such family was allowed 100 acres of land for himself and 50 acres for each member of his family.. These grants were called "bounties," and a distinction was made between "bounty" grants and other grants. The grantee of a bounty grant received his land for nothing, and it was exempt from quitrents for ten years. Naturally the coastal planters encouraged such immigration because it provided a buffer between them and the Indians; it also increased the white population and thus contributed to their safety from slave revolt. next: continued ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com

THE ENOREE AND LITTLE RIVER SETTLEMENTS The Enoree and its tributaries were settled by Virginians, Pennsylvanians, and North Carolinians who came down the Catawba Path from the Shenandoah Valley. They were largely of English or Scotch-Irish descent. Some of them, including John Gordon, Thomas Gordon, and Jacob Pennington, obtained patents from the Governor of North Carolina reciting that the territory between the Enoree and Tyger Rivers was in Anson County, North Carolina. Later these settlers had to apply for grants from the Governor of South Carolina for their lands. Lest it be thought that only the provincial government of North Carolina was ignorant about the upcountry, the confusion in South Carolina grants of that period is similarly revealing. The four coastal counties of Craven, Berkeley, Colleton, and Granville ran from the seacoast to the upper limits of the colony. The Santee River divided Craven and Berkeley, and there was no confusion about the boundary until it reached the junction of the Broad and Saluda rivers. From that point northward, however, there was doubt as to whether the Saluda or the Broad was the dividing line. The result was that grants to adjoining lands in the Fork between the rivers would refer to one as being in Craven and to the other as being in Berkeley. This confusion persisted until Ninety Six District was established, although the Saluda was the county boundary and present-day Newberry, Laurens, Spartanburg, and Union were in Craven County. The other principal early settlement in Newberry County was in the Little River-Bush River section which was also settled by Virginians, Pennsylvanians, and North Carolinians. This, with the Enoree and Dutch Fork settlements, constituted the early centers of population. >From time to time troops of rangers were employed as protection for the upcountrymen against the Indians. In the spring of 1748, two troops of fourteen men each were enlisted under Captains John Fairchild and James Francis to range the country "from the Congarees to Ninety-six and thence to the Catawba Nation." the range including the Fork between the Broad and Saluda. These rangers had orders to put to death all French and French Indians captured going to or from the Catawba lands. These troops were discharged a few months later. The French continued to poison the minds of the Indians and in May 1751, the Commons House of Assembly resolved to equip four troops of rangers, each consisting of a captain, lieutenant, twenty men, and Indian guides. They were commanded by Captains John Fairchild, Roger Gibson, James McPherson, and Christina Minick and remained in service for four months. Becoming alarmed at Indian depredations, such as the murder of the settlers on Buffalo Creek in November 1754, "the inhabitants of Saludy, Enoree and parts adjacent" presented their petition to Governor Glen and the Council on February 4, 1755, asking for a troop of rangers to protect them. The Humble petitioners could not banish from their minds the cruel and Inhuman treatment of their fellow subjects then lately perpetrated on Buffalo Creek by their Common Enemy, The Bloody fact of those Barbarians was stil fresh in their memory and would needs remain so, Whilst they were equally opposed as those unhappy Mortals were, and consequently liable to the like calamity Relying on the Providence of an Almighty God, they had more than once, Bravely withstood, and With Resolution, waited the Arrival of a Savage Enemy, when sufficient circumstances, and Credible Informations, gave them reason to expect a Visit, hourly from them, Neither should they be wanting to exert themselves on any Emergency, had they the like timely Notice, But how could they promise themselves that? They ought not expect Providence to work Miracles, for their Defence And the Enemy they had to deal with, might be compared to a Wolf - slyly stealing after his prey, which His Excellency and Honours well know to be the method of the Heathen Enemy, Then humbly presumed, it could not be thought otherwise than probable, that as those foresighted Barbarians, glutted themselves with the blood, they seem to take such delight in Spiling, and with impunity escaped free That either themselves or others of the like blood thirsty Disposition, flushed with that Success, would encourage each other, for another Attempt of the like nature, which to prevent, And that they might be disappointed, of their cruel and inhuman expectations, they Humbly prayed His Excellency and Honourable Council with the Honble House of Assembly, to enable them, by a timely assistance, to be prepared for their reception, They were certainly the people that lay open to the Inroads of those Savage Wretches, and a Defence there might be the Country's Safeguard, their Lands were rich and they wanted nothing but hands to make that a flourishing part of the Province, And they humbly presumed no method would prove more effectual, than the Completion of the request of this, their Humble Petition, They were that year preparing, and hoped to raise some hundreds of Indigo for Market, which they doubted not would quickly forward, the Cultivating of that profitable Weed in these parts, Would their generous legislature but fulfil their Humble request which was, a Troop of Rangers, of strength sufficient to withstand the Enemy, and Competent Wages to Encourage Men of Resolution, as well as to enable them to perform their Duty, and obey their Superiors, with alacrity & Vigour. They further hoped that it might seem reasonable to their Honourable and Worthy Patriots, that their Petition if complied with (which they humbly with one reverence prayed for) Would not only Dissipate the Anxious fears of their then Settlement but add a cheerful Vigour to their Industry, joined with a grateful sense of the regard taken of them, But also be a means of converting their Woods into Plantations, by encouraging hundreds to ride with us, that would otherwise pass by into Georgia, when they heard, and saw the Provident Care of Carolina of Her Frontiers... ------------ The footnote on page 9 lists the signers of the petition as: 15. Journal of the council for 1755, pp. 32-34. Those who signed the petition were Andrew Brown, Edward Paine, Bononi Fowler, John Odell, John F. Caisy, Isaac Pennington, John Gordon, Joseph Kelley, Jacob Pennington, Zach. Sparks, Abraham Pennington, Henry Pitts, Philip Thomas, Curdliss Cox, William Curry, William B. Bishop, James X Ronalds, William Daniel, Patrick Weldon, Henry Golman, Saml Ramsey, John Bostick, James Welch, Moses Singnefield, Dan'l Pitts, Robt Smith, Rich Tate, Wm McQueen, William West, Thos Ortetom, James Smith, Thomas Houghton, Thomas Anderson, Coonroad Gallman, Jos Page, Pheli Murphi, James Commerford, Wm Broadway, David Ball, Thomas Jones, Michael Minne, Wm Slow, Willm Turk, James Francis, Charles Banks, Willm Lyer, Jona: Reed, John: Gallman, Ed: Gampson, Jams Williams, Robt R. Box, John Helms, Benj. d. Dickins, Thomas Gary, charles Gary, John Pennington, John Carroll, Thomas Johnson, Thomas Callison, James Chapel, John Forster, Henry Forster, Willm Smith, Richd X (his mark) Jackson, James Mitchell, James Anderson, David X (his mark) Kelly, William Shinay, Edward Cob, Daniel Low, Benj Burgess, Wm Coe, Jacob Bony, T Singnefield, Patrick Kelly, James Dey, Thomas Gill, Enoch Anderson, Daniel Burnet, Joseph X Duckett, Saml Thomas, Richd Allison, John Bebery, John Turk, John Pondall, Pierce Costillo, Major Shavers, Willm Cross. ------------------------------------ next part 4 continued ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com

THE DUTCH FORK SETTLEMENT As good land became scarcer in Saxe Gotha, German and Swiss immigrants settled on the west bank of the Broad and on the east bank of the Saluda. The early settlers passed up the slate belt depicted later by Robert Mills in his atlas and chose instead the better soils above a line extending from the mouth of Big Creek on Saluda to a point halfway between the mouths of Crim's Creek and Wateree Creek on Broad. There the soils were derived from the weathering of crystalline rocks of granite, gneiss, schist, diorite, and gabbro, and in them the oaks grew as opposed to the pines of the slate belt. The area from the confluence of the Broad and Saluda to a line extending between the two rivers a few miles south or east of the present city of Newberry became known as the Dutch Fork despite the fact that no known Dutch immigrants ever settled there. The words "Deutsch volk" meaning "German Folk" were used in both Pennsylvania and South Carolina to denote German-speaking people. The word "volk" meaning "fold" in German was easily converted by the English-speaking inhabitants as "fork." Hence the German-speaking settlers in the lower part of the Fork of the Broad and Saluda undoubtedly caused the area to be known as the Dutch Fork. The earliest settlers of the Dutch Fork came there in 1744. They were Thomas Brown, Jacob Derer, Capar Faust, John Jacob Fridig, John Jacob Geiger, John Hamelton, and John Matthys. No more came in 1745, but six persons took warrants for land in 1746, six more in 1747 and forty-seven in 1748. The first settlers took up lands in the neck of the Fork. The second group settled in the pinlands below Wateree Creek on Broad and John's Creek on Saluda. Seventy more warrants were taken for lands in 1749; the group settled on Hollenshed's Creek, Crim's Creek, Cannon's Creek, and Second Creek. Of these George Abnor, Thomas Baccurst, Nicholas Booker, Edward Brown, Benjamin Gregory, Andrew Holman, Johannes Kuntz, Barnard Lavingstone, John Reddy, and Peter Rentfro came overland from Pennsylvania and the Jerseys and started the immigration into the Fork from the northern colonies. This group of immigrants also furnished present Newberry County's first settler, E. B. Hallman, on the basis of the dates of plats, precepts, and grants, concludes that Johannes Kuntz (Counts) was Newberry's first settler but states that the whole group from the northern colonies could have come in a body. In the period 1744-49, the Dutch Fork settlers had 125 warrants for 21,150 acres and a population of 423 persons. The Broad River valley had some eighteen hundred Germans and one thousand Britons by 1759. The early Swiss settlers of the Dutch Fork were of the Reformed persuasion, whereas the Germans, largely from Baden and Wurttenberg, were Lutherans. Swiss immigration practically ceased in 1748 because of Swiss laws prohibiting emigration. The German influx ceased in the 1760s. The two sects worshiped together as one, first under the Reverend Christian Theus and then under the leadership of the Reverend John Gasser. Both were of the Reformed persuasion. Gasser left Switzerland in 1752 to serve the spiritual needs of the German settlers in the Dutch Fork. Coming by way of Pennsylvania, he reached Charleston where he obtained a grant of fifty acres on Crim's Creek on March 24, 1754. The church, later known as St. John's, seems to have been organized at once. Gasser promptly presented a petition, signed by himself and forty others, to His Majesty's Council in South Carolina. The petitioners stated that bad crops and the expenses of settlement made it impossible for the people to support a minister and schoolmaster and asked permission to make a general collection within the province. Gasser soon returned to Switzerland. As Elders of the Dissenting Congregation on Crim's Creek, John Adam Epting and Peter Dickert in 1763 petitioned for a grant of land for their organization. John Pearson, deputy surveyor, made the plat, certified by him on June 27, 1763, for 100 acres for a meetinghouse and glebe. On this plat appear a church building and various roads leading from it together with the names of the adjoining landowners. John Gasser was one of the latter. next: THE ENOREE AND LITTLE RIVER SETTLEMENTS ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com

FYI...Char ----Original Message Follows---- From: cary brennan/scharri brennan <brencskj@internetcds.com> Reply-To: brencskj@internetcds.com To: coats@lawyer4u.com Subject: coats Date: Sun, 23 Apr 2000 10:50:04 -0700 Charlotte, I saw your posting for Coats on the Rootsweb site for Callaway Co. Mo. I have a relative who married Col. Marshall Coats. They were married in 1844 and her name was Artemisia Duncan. I am unsure if Coats has an e in it. If you have any information could you please let me know. Thank you Scharri Brennan ________________________________________________________________________ Get Your Private, Free E-mail from MSN Hotmail at http://www.hotmail.com

I'm looking for anyone who might can give me some history on Mary Coates Miller,born 16 Mar. 1850,died 29 July 1922,burial in Hebron cemetery in Gadsden,Alabama. E-mail me @ Dizzy24322@aol.com Thank you! Glenda Willoughby