In my posting, I did not infer that ALL European names used by slaves were taken from slave owners nor was I talking about marriages in Colonial times. My reference was meant to be in the days of slavery. Owners of slaves did NOT marry the slaves even though children came of their relationship. When the slaves were referred to by name at all, they generally took the surname of the family that 'owned' them. Mobile Archdiocese records refer to some of the children of Louis LeFleau/LeFleur/LeFlore and "Becca" or "Becky Choctaw" (commonly believed by LeFlore family members to be Rebecca Cravat) as "quarteroons", meaning they were 1/4th Choctaw. There is NO evidence that either Louis or Rebecca had African blood. Both of Louis' parents were of French extraction. Rebecca was the daughter of Nahotima and Jean (John) Cravat(t). Her mother was Shumaka, a Chakchiuma, who assimilated into the Choctaw tribe. There is some disagreement among researchers as to the father of some of Shumaka's children - some say an unknown Choctaw, others a man named Roscoe Cole. Many of the marriages of Europeans and Choctaws were according to Choctaw traditions. No researcher, so far, has come up with marriage licenses for Louis and any of his 3 wives - all "Native Americans". Angelyn ------ Original Message ----- From: Barbara Ellison Sent: Thu, Aug 29, 2002 9:19pm To: <CHOCTAW-SOUTHEAST-L@rootsweb.com> Subject: Re: [CHOCTAW-SE] question The terms Octaroon and Quadroon referred to the amounts of African blood...And in Colonial times, Indians, Africans and whites intermarried freely...not only among the indentured servants, but also of free people with each other and with indentured servants... Sometimes slaves took the names of slave owners,but those would have been the first generation imported slaves I'd imagine...then after that their offspring would continue the name or change it..But as I said, there were marriages between Indians and Africans, Indians and whites, and Africans and whites before slavery as we know it happened..So not all european names of slaves were taken from the slave owners... Hope that helps.. B. ----- Original Message ----- From: "ANGELYN CUNNINGHAM" <angelync@msn.com> To: <CHOCTAW-SOUTHEAST-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Thursday, August 29, 2002 8:14 PM Subject: RE: [CHOCTAW-SE] question > Mulatto probably comes from "mulato", Spanish for 'of mixed blood'. > Didn't slaves take the surnames of the family that 'owned' them? Also, let's face it, folks, the male plantation owners had sexual 'relations' with the African women they owned and the offspring of those unions produced children who used their father's surname. There is, however, another explanation. In the 1700s, 'whites' marrying Indians had children who were referred to as, for instance, "quadroon", which meant they had 1/4th degree of Indian blood. > Angelyn > > ------ Original Message ----- > > From: AhSweet1@aol.com > Sent: Thu, Aug 29, 2002 7:49pm > To: <CHOCTAW-SOUTHEAST-L@rootsweb.com> > Subject: Re: [CHOCTAW-SE] question > I have no idea of where 'Mulatto' came from. I was just surprised when I read > the census(1860(I think)) in Mississippi and found neighbors to my > ancestors(Trahern) with the same name but it said they were black. Now some > in Alabama with other ancestor's name(DeLoach) says they are 'M'. > > > ==== CHOCTAW-SOUTHEAST Mailing List ==== > Got a PROBLEM?? Got a GRIPE?? Just wanna' WHINE?? Don't post it to the list. Write to me, the listowner, at CHOCTAW-SOUTHEAST-admin@rootsweb.com > > > ==== CHOCTAW-SOUTHEAST Mailing List ==== > Need more CHOCTAW information?? Try Rusty Lang's website at http://www.choctaw-web.com for censuses, genealogy lessons, articles, etc. > > ==== CHOCTAW-SOUTHEAST Mailing List ==== Try Markie and Fay's CHOCTAW-SOUTHEAST pages at http://freepages.cultures.rootsweb.com/~choctaw/index.html for CHOCTAW Muster Rolls, Orphans lists, censuses, land records, etc.

You might check the enumerators instructions site for the following: "Color.-It must not be assumed that, where nothing is written in this column, "White" is to be understood. The column is always to be filled. Be particularly careful in reporting the class Mulatto. The word is here generic, and includes quadroons, octoroons, and all persons having any perceptible trace of African blood. Important scientific results depend upon the correct determination of this class in schedules 1 and 2. " The site is at the following: http://www.ipums.umn.edu/~pipums/voliii/tEnumInstr.html then click on 1870 Enumerator Instructions and scroll down til you see it... According to Webster's dictionary, a quadroon is "a person who has one Black grandparent"... There was slavery in colonial times, but as time went by it grew more into primarily African slavery...In 1850 there were still Indians being taken as slaves as well as Africans and mixes that included Indian or African..And there were still intermarriages among Indians, Africans and whites...as there still are today...Any Mixedblood who had(has) Indian blood would be a Native American, whatever their color, features, or other bloodlines in the mix... B. ----- Original Message ----- From: "ANGELYN CUNNINGHAM" <angelync@msn.com> To: <CHOCTAW-SOUTHEAST-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Friday, August 30, 2002 9:26 AM Subject: RE: [CHOCTAW-SE] question > In my posting, I did not infer that ALL European names used by slaves were taken from slave owners nor was I talking about marriages in Colonial times. My reference was meant to be in the days of slavery. Owners of slaves did NOT marry the slaves even though children came of their relationship. When the slaves were referred to by name at all, they generally took the surname of the family that 'owned' them. > Mobile Archdiocese records refer to some of the children of Louis LeFleau/LeFleur/LeFlore and "Becca" or "Becky Choctaw" (commonly believed by LeFlore family members to be Rebecca Cravat) as "quarteroons", meaning they were 1/4th Choctaw. There is NO evidence that either Louis or Rebecca had African blood. Both of Louis' parents were of French extraction. Rebecca was the daughter of Nahotima and Jean (John) Cravat(t). Her mother was Shumaka, a Chakchiuma, who assimilated into the Choctaw tribe. There is some disagreement among researchers as to the father of some of Shumaka's children - some say an unknown Choctaw, others a man named Roscoe Cole. Many of the marriages of Europeans and Choctaws were according to Choctaw traditions. No researcher, so far, has come up with marriage licenses for Louis and any of his 3 wives - all "Native Americans". > Angelyn > > ------ Original Message ----- > > From: Barbara Ellison > Sent: Thu, Aug 29, 2002 9:19pm > To: <CHOCTAW-SOUTHEAST-L@rootsweb.com> > Subject: Re: [CHOCTAW-SE] question > The terms Octaroon and Quadroon referred to the amounts of African > blood...And in Colonial times, Indians, Africans and whites intermarried > freely...not only among the indentured servants, but also of free people > with each other and with indentured servants... > Sometimes slaves took the names of slave owners,but those would have been > the first generation imported slaves I'd imagine...then after that their > offspring would continue the name or change it..But as I said, there were > marriages between Indians and Africans, Indians and whites, and Africans and > whites before slavery as we know it happened..So not all european names of > slaves were taken from the slave owners... > Hope that helps.. > B. > > ----- Original Message ----- > From: "ANGELYN CUNNINGHAM" <angelync@msn.com> > To: <CHOCTAW-SOUTHEAST-L@rootsweb.com> > Sent: Thursday, August 29, 2002 8:14 PM > Subject: RE: [CHOCTAW-SE] question > > > > Mulatto probably comes from "mulato", Spanish for 'of mixed blood'. > > Didn't slaves take the surnames of the family that 'owned' them? Also, > let's face it, folks, the male plantation owners had sexual 'relations' with > the African women they owned and the offspring of those unions produced > children who used their father's surname. There is, however, another > explanation. In the 1700s, 'whites' marrying Indians had children who were > referred to as, for instance, "quadroon", which meant they had 1/4th degree > of Indian blood. > > Angelyn > > > > ------ Original Message ----- > > > > From: AhSweet1@aol.com > > Sent: Thu, Aug 29, 2002 7:49pm > > To: <CHOCTAW-SOUTHEAST-L@rootsweb.com> > > Subject: Re: [CHOCTAW-SE] question > > I have no idea of where 'Mulatto' came from. I was just surprised when I > read > > the census(1860(I think)) in Mississippi and found neighbors to my > > ancestors(Trahern) with the same name but it said they were black. Now > some > > in Alabama with other ancestor's name(DeLoach) says they are 'M'. > > > > > > ==== CHOCTAW-SOUTHEAST Mailing List ==== > > Got a PROBLEM?? Got a GRIPE?? Just wanna' WHINE?? Don't post it to the > list. Write to me, the listowner, at CHOCTAW-SOUTHEAST-admin@rootsweb.com > > > > > > ==== CHOCTAW-SOUTHEAST Mailing List ==== > > Need more CHOCTAW information?? Try Rusty Lang's website at > http://www.choctaw-web.com for censuses, genealogy lessons, articles, etc. > > > > > > > ==== CHOCTAW-SOUTHEAST Mailing List ==== > Try Markie and Fay's CHOCTAW-SOUTHEAST pages at http://freepages.cultures.rootsweb.com/~choctaw/index.html for CHOCTAW Muster Rolls, Orphans lists, censuses, land records, etc. > > > ==== CHOCTAW-SOUTHEAST Mailing List ==== > To subscribe to CHAHTA-L list discussions on history, culture, language. Send msg. to CHAHTA-L-request@rootsweb.com > Put "one" word in "body" of message:... "subscribe" without the quotes, nothing in the subject line, turn off signatures. > Nothing in the subject line... Turn off signatures....... >