Yes John, The same word could be used at the beginning of a sentence, as a noun, or at the end of a sentence, as a verb. Though I don't know what "hopiah" means myself, if it does mean "leader," it could also be used in verb form meaning "to lead." Frequently in Choctaw the distinction between verb form (e.g., "to lead") and noun form (e.g., "leader") is made my adding the prefix "na" or "nan" (depending on whether the root word starts with a noun or a consonant). For example, I was taught that the word for "to learn" is "ikhvna" and the word for "student" (i.e., a learner) is "nanikhvna." I have however, also seen the word "ikhvna" used to mean "student" without the "nan-" prefix. Because of the way Choctaw sentences are constructed, if a word shows up in a certain place in the sentence, you know it has to be a noun (or verb, or whatever, depending on its position). English works the same way. In English, we usually add "-er" to a verb in order to make it a noun (e.g., lead...leader), but sometimes not. For example, a man can be a father or he can father a child (no change in word form). Coincidentally, you can even do that with the word "lead," since someone can be the "lead" in a given situation (most often used in reference to acting, but exclusively). As with Choctaw, where the word occurs in the sentence gives you the context to determine whether it is a noun, verb, etc. ("He will lead us." as opposed to "He is the lead.") As for articles, in English those would be words like "the," "a," "an," "this," "that," and number words, which invariably come at the beginning of a noun phrase. A "noun phrase" would be something like, "that big house," where we have an article ("that") followed by an adjective ("big"), both of which describe the noun ("house"). Which house? That big one. Interestingly (as George Ann pointed out), in Choctaw, noun phrases are constructed in EXACTLY the opposite order of how they would be constructed in English, i.e., noun-adjective-article. So in Choctaw, "that big house" would be correctly translated as "chukka chito yvmma" but, if you break it apart literally, "chukka" means "house" (the noun), "chito" means "big" (the adjective), and "yvmma" means "that one" (the article). The Choctaw language however, doesn't use articles as much as English. They/we really only use "yvmma" ("that"), "ilvppa" ("this"), and number words, and basically have no equivalents for "a," "an," and "the." Instead of saying "the rabbit hopped" or "a rabbit hopped," they/we just say "rabbit hopped," and if you aren't sure which rabbit someone is talking about, they say "that white one over there." OK, enough grammar-babble from me for now. I am curious about the "leader" vs. "bone-picker" dilemma over "hopiah," though. It could very well be a case of dual meaning depending on context but I would love to know for sure. Hachi-pisa-l'achike. --Sean > In a message dated 7/22/2002 10:14:42 AM Central Daylight Time, > wood_owl@hotmail.com writes: > > > Choctaw is a noun-adjective-article language. > > That would be the significance of the location of word order. Also, the > > verb always comes at the end of the sentence. > > > > George Ann > > > > > > Well, George Ann, > > if I understand what you are saying correctly, if Hopia occurs at the > beginning of a name then it designates what that person was, such as if Hopia > occurred at the beginning it means either "leader" or "bone picker" but if it > occurs at the end it designates what a person did or how the person did what > he did? I'm still a bit confused because I take article and noun to mean the > same thing, that is that neither is a verb. > > Or are you saying that if Hopia occurs at the end then it is the verb > form of "leader" of "bone picker" and means "leads" or "picks bones"? > > Or am I just confused right now. > > John Craven > New Orleans