Hi Keith, << you may only discover that at some time your ancestor was not who you thought they were. If you can live with discovering that there has been infidelity in your line OK. It happens more frequently than we care to imagine. >> First, thanks for the email. It is always good to hear from you. Maybe it is because I live in a very Liberal community but illegitimacy is so common and has been so common that it does not bother me. My longest line is back through a single woman (sorry, but it was in England) who had a son (my great grandfather). This son was raised by his grandparents (her parents). Well, through the bastard bonds of the church, I also found his father...wonderful...better than the rest of the lines. The son was a good guy, immigrated to America, served in the Civil War on the Union side, did very well financially and had a wonderful family. However, no one knew about his illegitimacy until I discovered it. Since that particular line thought so well of themselves (because the grandparent was "ENGLISH" rather than a common old "American" Chase), I could hardly wait to get to a telephone and ask if they realized that our common ancestor was a bastard. I thought it was a hoot. But I particularly liked the idea of going back an additional generation. On the Chase side, we have had one suicide (a very, very tragic affair), one murder where a (non-Chase, insane) father killed an adult son, a kleptomaniac, no single mothers that I can detect but some "premature" first births; strangely enough, on the Chase side, we have never had anyone with Altzheimer's Disease...which I think is even more interesting and probably consistent with current theories of its causation! I really think that if any family thinks that all of their ancestors were faithful, true and blue and that ALL of them are really their blood ancestors, there is a Golden Gate Bridge I would like to sell them (ask the Royal Family!!). Single mothers are probably fewer per capita now than they were in the past. Until the Victorian Age, being a single mother was not considered anything of note. It has always been common in Germany (esp. in the farming areas) and still is accepted without prejudice. << I have long contended that all ancestry should have been by the mother and not the father>> amen. I hardily agree. Some of the American Indians followed this practice. By the way, I hardly consider the discussion of Aquila, Aquila, Aquila to be a "fury" or a "wrangle". Maybe it was the discipline required in my former line of work but I view it merely as a candid & polite discussion. Polly Anna was never my favorite character. Also, I agree with Aquila being a rare name...I would place money that we are talking about not only a father & son in England but an uncle, cousin or some other close relative who came to America. Well, back to DNA!!!! Maybe we should dig them up!! Regards, Rex