Bruce wrote: > The DNA study as it expands into England will shed light on all of > this. Beware of complacency. The DNA study will need a lot of help to expand into England. As far as I know, only one Carpenter outside the USA has joined so far. If you are personally acquainted with male Carpenters in England, please let them know about the study. One of the problems faced by nearly all genealogical DNA studies is the fact that people in England tend to feel that they "know" their roots already, or else don't care. John Chandler