Hello list, This is in response to several things I've seen posted on this list. Could someone please explain "family" coats-of-arms? I thought that coats-of-arms were only granted to individuals. Also, the Crusades were not the same as the Norman Conquest. From the site www.brighton73.freeserve.co.uk/firstcrusade/Overview/Overview.htm: The First Crusade officially began on November 27, 1095, with a proclamation from Pope Urban II delivered to clergy and lay folk who had gathered in a field in Clermont, central France. Before the armies departed in mid 1096, a People's Crusade jumped the gun and left in March 1096, arriving in Constantinople in August. Some Jews in Europe were attacked along the way, and the People's Crusaders were all but destroyed by the Turks at Civetot. The official armies did not leave until mid 1096, some of their commanders being Raymond IV of St Gilles, Count of Toulouse; Bohemond, Duke of Taranto; Godfrey of Bouillon; Hugh, Count of Vermandois; and Robert, Duke of Normandy. They arrived in Constantinople in early 1097. Their subsequent history is beyond the scope of this Conquest/Crusade reply. I haven't done any comparing of "rosters", but since the First Crusade had many Normans in it, I would think it is possible that some of those involved in the Conquest may have also been Crusaders. Although some viewed the Conquest as a holy venture, my point is that these were two separate events. Thanks, Rick