I have just began my Dutch/Danish Trading research, but I ran across the following. 1/1709, Capt. H.C. Tonder arrived with slaves from Calabary, 8/1709, Cpt. Muller, arrived with 187 slaves, 138-m, 22-w, 19-b, 3-g, from Lawango. 6/1712, Cpt. Jpchumsen, arrived with 178 slaves from Angola. "Sharing the information." Researching the USVI, St.Eustatius, St. Barths, Barbados ----Original Message Follows---- From: "Tim & Una Anderson" <timuna@starpower.net> Reply-To: CARIBBEAN-L@rootsweb.com To: CARIBBEAN-L@rootsweb.com Subject: New threads -- Slave immigrants from West Africa -- Gold Coast, Slave Coast Date: Thu, 3 Jul 2003 11:30:38 -0400 Although I have given most of my library on African history over to my daughter, I have found the following on a slave rebellion in Antigua which is a suitable start for Richard Allicock's call for a thread on African slave immigrants to the West Indies. From: Bondmen and Rebels: A study of Master-Slave Relations in Antigua, David Barry Gaspar, Johns Hopkins University Press. 1985 From Part II. Slaves and Slave Society As in other parts of plantation America, Antiguan slaveowners showed a definite preference for certain ethnic groups and an aversion to others. Their first choices were blacks from the Cold Coast generally, whom they called Coromantees (Koromantyns, Callamantees), an those imported from Whydah in Dahomey. Coromantee was not the name of any particular Gold Coast group but a generic term adopted after the Dutch fort at Kormantin. The largest ethnic groups in the Gold Coast belonged to the Akan language group (Fanti, Asante), and here too were to be found the Guang an Ga-Andangme peoples and numerous others of the hinterland. Of the Coromantees Bryan Edwards wrote: "The circumstances which distinguish the Koromantyn, or Gold Coast, Negroes, from all others, are firmness both of body and mind; a ferociousness of dispositions; but with al, activity, courage and a stubbornness, or what an ancient Roman would have deemed an elevation, of soul, which prompts them to enterprises of difficulty and danger; and enables them to meet death, in its most horrible shape, with fortitude or indifference. They sometimes take to labour with great promptitude and alacrity, and have constitutions well adapted for it.".. Africans loaded as Whydah, a port in Dahomey, on the Slave Coast, were Antiguans' choice after Coromantees. These slaves were called Pawpaws or Poppas, a term that referred to the Fon, Gun, and other related groups of that region. Stephen Blizard [Tim's note: S. Blizard was the owner of Green Island Estate and others in Mid 18th Century] noted that Gold Coast slaves "always answer better than any Slaves from Africa except Papaws."..These Antiguan preferences for Coromantees and Pawpaws corresponded to the make-up of the British slave trade during the first three decades of the eighteenth century, when most British exports came from the Gold and Slave coasts. Although slaves continued to be shipped from these regions, their slaves in their overall British trade declined after 1730 in favor of the Bight of Biafra, further down the coast. Curtin's calculations indicate that the Gold Coast, which had contributed 38.3 percent of the export trade during the decade 1721-30, held only 15.8 percent between 1751 and 1760. For the same periods the shares of the Bight of Biafra - where the main groups were Ibos, Ibobios, Edos, and Ijaws - were 3.2 percent and 40.4 percent respectively... When Antiguans bought Ibos, or slaves from Calabar or Angola, they risked "mortality and failure of that kind of Negroes." ==== CARIBBEAN Mailing List ==== To unsubscribe from the list send the word "unsubscribe" (without the quotes) as the only text in the body of an email message to CARIBBEAN-L-request@rootsweb.com for the list mode or CARIBBEAN-D-request@rootsweb.com if you are subscribed to the digest. _________________________________________________________________ MSN 8 helps eliminate e-mail viruses. Get 2 months FREE*. http://join.msn.com/?page=features/virus

I believe that I found this reference. I have copied the entire footnotes, which I think are interesting. I came across this trying to find Lawango. The only reference to Lawango in Africa is the following and one other in which Lawango is a song title. Calabar, city and seaport, southeastern Nigeria, capital of Cross River State, on an estuary of the Gulf of Guinea. The city is the market center for the surrounding area in which cacao, palm oil, piassava, rubber, and timber are produced. (Calabar see: http://www.greatestcities.com/Africa/Nigeria/Calabar_city.html) Slave cargoes Footnotes (see: http://www.mapesmonde.com/books/danish-west-indies/danish_bibliography.pdf) 1 One hundred and eighty-seven “manquerons” were delivered back to the captain, who sold one hundred and twentyseven to private buyers for 5,459 rdl. Muller’s cargo is put down as consisting of Lawango negroes; those arriving in July are called “Calabary” or Kalbarie” negroes.,----En English, Calabar. 2 De Witte, being able to account only for three hundred and one when he should have had three hundred and twelve, was charged with the difference or “profit” of 35 rdl. each, or 385 rdl. The Company bought two hundred and thirtyeight (229½ Pies de Indies) at 65 rdl. each. Many of those remaining were delivered back to the captain who sold them to planters and paid the Company the four per cent. duty. N. J., St. Thomas, 1709-1710. 3 This includes men and women. Of the two hundred and twenty-nine, forty-nine were sick or “manquerons” as were six of the sixteen boys. Two hundred were bought first, and fifty-three later. 4 Capt. S. died immediately after arrival and Capt. Anthony Warene (Vareny) took his place. The remainder of the cargo (six hundred and twenty-six on arrival at St. Thomas) that was unsold or still alive was taken to Porto Bello and Carthagena. 5 Besides these, the Company received eight in duty. 6 Jachumson’s cargo consisted of Angola slaves. On Thu, 3 Jul 2003 16:17:29 +0000 (UTC), aqw8326@hotmail.com ("Ann Whiting") wrote: >I have just began my Dutch/Danish Trading research, but I ran across the >following. > >1/1709, Capt. H.C. Tonder arrived with slaves from Calabary, >8/1709, Cpt. Muller, arrived with 187 slaves, 138-m, 22-w, 19-b, 3-g, from >Lawango. >6/1712, Cpt. Jpchumsen, arrived with 178 slaves from Angola. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>SNIP<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< > >