My goodness! My great grandfather! I feel like someone just walked on my grave - or his. Joseph Carter Clarke. The man was a carpenter. I don't know where Content was. And Ian's Joseph Davis ( who heaven know's might be mine too if I ever find out who my grandfather was.) I wonder who Ann & Sarah are & could they lead to who Joseph was? hmm & will have to check the other Clarkes too. You have to be careful when you send me this stuff as I then have so many questions! Was St Joe different in having so many small landowners? Or was this just the time? or was it everywhere that had a "below the cliff"?? Seems to have been a lot of shifting going on at the time. I have a copy of the Will of Robert James Haynes ( I think a son of the one who owned Frizer's at the time my GGgrandfather was buried "in the vault") The will says - c 1848 - that Frizer's was leased, & had been for 9 years - to Nathaniel Jones Pile, Francis King, and I believe Francis Hodgkinson. Frizer's was to be sold if they didn't want to renew the lease for another 10yrs in 1849. ( BTW --- RJHaynes had departed and lived in St Michael. He left all his household goods & £ 9000 to a "coloured" (whatever that means - I guess that someone could still remember you had some black in you ) Elizabeth Ann Gibson - likely from St Joe as she was a laborer on Frizer's at one baptism - & the 5 children she bore him.) I have to remember that any profession - carpenter, cooper, fisherman was a necessary part of the economy and of some importance. Can't have barrels for the sugar without the cooper. I am just really suprised - I was thinking he roamed the parish being a carpenter & eventually got a few roods - by not till later. He was a long-lived man - did not die till 1890, outlived many of his peers, & produced 17 children of 3 wives, my grandmother the youngest. Must have seen a lot of changes. You're a peach - thanks --- &&&& when is the case scheduled to be heard? Who all is going to UK? Happy 4th of July -- the day after which we didn't care about "the other guy's history" anymore !! No work till Monday & my oldest son's birthday - a firecraker they said, although I don't exactly remember it that way. Lisa > > From: "Applied Technologies Inc." <apt@caribsurf.com> > Date: 2003/07/03 Thu PM 10:00:38 CDT > To: "Sales Consultants of Middlesex County, Inc." <scmidlsx@bellatlantic.net> > Subject: Re: Is this yours? > > Lisa > > Thanks again fo the list. > > Was at the archives today and was looking at an 1847 list of landowners who > owned greater than one acre in each parish. Extracted the following > > St. John: John McCollins Attempt 14 acres > Robert Clarke Coach Hill 3 acres > Thomas Clarke dec. Below Cliff 14 acres 2 foods > Rev. RNB Clarke Haynes Hill 121 acres 3 roods > > St. Joseph Joseph B. Davis Near Bathsheba 4 acres 2 roods > Ann S. Davis Near Bathsheba 1 acre > Sarah E. Davis Near Bathsheba 1 acre > John & Charles Davis Near Bathsheba 1 acre > George W. Clarke Near Mount wilton 2 acres > Joseph C. Clarke Near Content 2 acres > Richard Clarke Near Cambridge 1 acre > > Looked for Glenburnie but did not see it listed. In St. Joseph it looks > like almost the whole parish was owned by about 200 persons. In 1817 there > were a few thousand slaves registered and heaven only knows how many > landless whites. > > Rate books seem not to be available prior to the early 1900's but imagine > there would be a wealth of info in them. > > John > >

Salut Aline. De ma famille de Zingue, je n'a pas d'idée comment vous trouverez ceci mais ma grande arrière grand-mère était née dans Guadeloupe. Je ne sais pas son nom ou son âge ou n'importe quoi autrement d'elle. Tout ce que je sais c'est qu'elle a une fille Veronica Victoria Melita Zingue nommé. Veronica a été su comme Melita. Elle pourrait avoir aussi une fille Evonne nommé. Je ne sais pas si Melita et Evonne avaient la mère pareille mais je pense si. N'importe quelles suggestions? Hi Aline. About my Zingue family, I have no idea how you will find this but my great great grandmother was born in Guadeloupe. I do not know her name or her age or anything else about her. All I know is that she has a daughter named Veronica Victoria Melita Zingue. Veronica was known as Melita. She might also have a daughter named Evonne. I do not know if Melita and Evonne had the same mother but I think so. Any suggestions? I used a French translator, so pardon any bad grammar. Sometimes the translator destroys the messages. http://ets.freetranslation.com/ Monifa A. Marrero St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ CARIBBEAN GENEALOGY Paternal: Marrero, Herrera, Camacho ---- Leonard, Malone, Jennings, Vanterpool/Vanderpool Maternal: Potter, Malone/Muloon, George, Stevens/Stephens ---- Zingue/Schink/Schinke, Vialet/Viallet ISLANDS BVI, St. Barths, Guadeloupe, USVI, Puerto Rico "Monifa" <monie4nothin@hotmail.com> wrote in message news:vftu1oa8348s08@corp.supernews.com... > Salut Aline. Le ZINGUE de nom de famille je crois étais seulement dans l'île > de Barths de Saint, mais je lis que l'île de Barths de Saint est une partie > de ou affilié avec Guadeloupe si j'ai dit peut-être il y a quelque dossier > du ZINGUE de nom de famille là-bas. Merci pour votre recherche. Je > vraiment l'apprécie. > > Sincèrement, Monifa > > > > "aline" <s.charles@ool.fr> wrote in message > news:25840f05.0306160437.77f428ae@posting.google.com... > > Bonjour Monifa, > > Le nom de Famille ZINGUE en Guadeloupe ? > > Je vais regarder, mais je ne pense pas avoir déja vu de ZINGUE. > > A bientot Aline Charles. > > > > > > "Monifa" <monie4nothin@hotmail.com> wrote in message > news:<vdl7chccakik1d@corp.supernews.com>... > > > Salut Aline. J'habite en la Rue. Thomas. La partie de ma recherche de > > > généalogie est la famille de ZINGUE de Rue. Barts. Je me demande s'il y > > > avait n'importe quel Zingue dans Guadeloupe? Ferait vous faites un me > > > cherche s'il vous plaît. Beaucoup apprécié, Monifa (la Rue. Thomas, les > > > Etats-Unis les Iles Vierges) > > > > > > > > > > > > "aline" <s.charles@ool.fr> wrote in message > > > news:25840f05.0305240353.6129dd3f@posting.google.com... > > > > Bonjour richard > > > > Non, je n'ai pas de question(merci), je propose mon aide tout > > > > simplement, j'aime la généalogie et rendre service. > > > > merci > > > > Aline charles bénévole FGW et fil d'Arine 971. > > > > richwyn@idirect.com ("Richard Allicock") wrote in message > > > news:<00fb01c3218e$f5d119a0$16049ad8@oemcomputer>... > > > > > Cher Aline, > > > > > > > > > > Avez-vous une question? > > > > > > > > > > Richard > > > > > ----- Original Message ----- > > > > > From: "aline" <s.charles@ool.fr> > > > > > To: <CARIBBEAN-L@rootsweb.com> > > > > > Sent: Friday, May 23, 2003 1:22 PM > > > > > Subject: je peux faire des recheches Guadeloupe > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > J'habite en guadeloupe et je peux faire quelque recherche mais je > ne > > > > > > parle pas anglais,ni ecris. > > > > > > Amicalement aline charles Guadeloupe > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > ==== CARIBBEAN Mailing List ==== > > > > > > ROOTSWEB MAILING LIST HELP PAGES > > > > > > What is a Mailing List? > > > > > > http://helpdesk.rootsweb.com/help/mail1.html > > > > > > > > > > > > > >

Richard -- I have read the footnotes for this section and find that the references are largely British with none apparently French. The book author seems to be from America. On Thu, 3 Jul 2003 20:26:17 -0400 (EDT), RichardBond@webtv.net (Richard Bond) wrote: > A lot of these tribes names in this monograph are spelled as though >the writer were French.

http://atransition.com/richblessing.htm

http://atransition.com/Gaynor/Gaynor.htm

The slave trade began a couple generations before Christopher Columbus and there is a considerable influx of European in the gene pool. Because the Europeans did not tend to stay the majority of the population with mixed blood belonged to their maternal tribes. The tribal names following the reference to St. George d'Elmina are Dutch forms of those tribal names. The people of the d'Elmina village were of a community which had grown up around the slave port in service jobs. They spoke a "pidgin" Portuguese. It was a temptation to steal them but they were not liked by the other slaves and would be quickly missed by more established slave traders.

The Kroomen of Liberia disfigure their teeth but the reference is to another tribe from Gabon and Rio Muni, Equatorial Guinea called the Fang*. Although assimilated tribes people do not sharpen their teeth the ruling group within the Republic of Equatorial Guinea come from this tribe. *Yes I know ironic

A lot of these tribes names in this monograph are spelled as though the writer were French.

The Gold Coast and Dahomey were relatively free of Malaria compared with the Niger Delta and the estuaries in Angola.

The "Pies de Indies" (portuguese term) was a slave value system in which men and women of different ages and physical abilities were given a proprionate economic value. I think the standard for example may have been a healthy unskilled 18 year old male and the amount of work they could do. Other people would then be marked up or down.

I posted this a while back, but it's pertinent to the current thread. TRINIDAD SLAVE CENSUS OF 1813 Number of slaves 25,696 Creole (i.e born in the West Indies) 11,633 (46% of total) African 13,984 (54% of total) BREAKDOWN OF AFRICAN BORN SLAVES Ibo (S.E. Nigeria) 2,863 - 20% of African Congo (Congo) 2,450 - 20% Moco (Cameroons) 2,240 - 17% Mandingo (Senegambia) 1,421 - 10% Kormantyn (Ghana - includes Fanti, Ashanti & others) - 1,068 - 7% Kwakwa (Ivory Coast) 473 - 3% Sierra Leone (Temne 169, Sisu 145, Kissi 63) - 377 2.5% Ibibio (Nigeria) 371 - 2.5% Raddah (Dahomey) 281 - 2% Chamba (Nigeria?) 275 - 2% Fulani (N. Sierra Leone) 171 - 1.2% Popo (Dahomey) 112 - 1% Hausa (N. Nigeria) 109 - 1% Yoruba (W. Nigeria) 10 - 0.07% Various tribes under 1% 818 - 6% Only port of departure known - 8.73% Source: "Seven Slaves and Slavery - Trinidad 1777-1838", by Father Anthony de Verteuil C.S.Sp., Scrip-J Printers, Port-of-Spain, 1992. The book relates the life stories of seven slaves in Trinidad to illustrate how they lived. It contains a chapter on the slave trade, and many vignettes on slave life.

Lawango and Lovango are variants spellings of Luango. This was a coastal trading nation. You can find references to Gabon, the Congo, Cabinda and Angola. The Danish customs system operated on a system in which the inspectorate was offered up for bid to merchants. A winner promised to pay the Government the most money for the position. Any incoming ship would declare a value of it's cargo. The inspector had a three days right to inspect the cargo and could buy it for the value claimed by the ship captain and or the ship's supercargo. The supercargoship was a professional role of " the trader on board" sometimes held by the captain sometimes not. The shippers would sometimes undervalue the cargo in hopes of cheating the Customs. The system made it so that the merchant holding the inspectors position could scoop a profit off the cheater by buying it at this same understated value. My Uncle Randolph Brewster once told me a story about how upset a merchant for whom he did odd jobs for got when this had happened. The inspector at the time was a Nelthropp

I am very glad that Tim Anderson has started off this particular thread, with the origins of the slaves who were in Antigua. His post has shed some light on the material below that I had intended to post in relation to the origins of the slaves in British Guiana. I present the material unedited except for the enclosures in [ ]. I would like others on the list to continue the thread in relation to the other Caribbean territories, and as well, to try to figure out the modern day equivalents of the geographical locations and the tribes mentioned below. From Henry Dalton: The History of British Guiana; etc., Vol. 1 (1855) pp. 160-163. Dalton stated: "The slaves imported [to British Guiana] were procured from various parts of the coast and interior of Africa, and their value was differently estimated, as will appear from the following account, chiefly derived from an old Dutch writer [Hartsink] on the subject." [This might be Jan Jacob Hartsinck a writer on the Guianas in the 1770's, author of: "Beschryving van Guiana, of de Wilde Kust, in Zuid-America : betreffende de aardrykskunde en historie des lands ... de bezittingen der Spanjaarden, Franschen en Portugeezen en voornaamelyk de volkplantigen der Nederlanderen, als Essequebo, Demerary, Berbice, Suriname ... Waarby komt eene verhandeling over den aart en de gewoontes der neger-slaaven / Alles uit echte stukken opgesteld door Mr. Jan Jacob Hartsinck . 1770 ]. Dalton continues: "The Ardras called Dongos (as well as other slaves who had cut marks upon their bodies), were all brought from Inda (better known as Tida) and Ardra, towns near the western sea-coast of Africa, from a distance of fifty miles to the north-east of Ardra. They were however not of the best sort, although accustomed to agiculture, and capable of being rendered useful. The men, women and children, had gashes upon their cheeks, but those of rank amongst them were marked only about the forehead. The Naga slaves differed little from the above, and were well adapted for labour; they had streaks or curves, which represented rudely the outline of animals upon their bodies. The Mallais slaves were brought to Tida, Ardra, and Jaquire, from a distance of about three months' journey. They were an excellent people, and accustomed to severe labour, which they willingly undertook. They brought high prices in the market. Their tattooed marks differed in some respect from the Tibou and Guiamba negroes. The Aquiras, distinguished by lines upon the back and breast in the form of lizards and snakes, had the character of being active and faithful to their masters. The Tibou slaves were of the worst kind, good for nothing, except light house work. They had long gashes upon the cheeks, breast , and stomach. The Foin slaves were recognised by scratches upon the temples; they were also a bad people, lazy, thievish, and addicted to filthy habits. The Guiamba slaves resembled the last two named races, and were marked like the Tibous. The negroes from Tida and Jaquin [Jaquire] committed thefts when they had the opportunity, but were otherwise true to their masters; they had upon their cheeks several spots or points. The Ayois negroes, a martial and enterprising race were well inclined to work, which they performed better than any of the other nations. They were known by long gashes stretching from ear to ear. They were the terror of the rest; held their lives of no account when their passions were roused, and pursued their objects with an ardour it was difficult to restrain. Other slaves were known by the names of the places they came from. The negroes of Goree were among the best - strong, honest fauthful; they had upon the temples three gashes about three fingers broad. The negroes from Sierra Leone were also very strong, and good for employment; they had four gashes upon the forehead. The negroes from Cabo Monto were neither so strong nor so useful as the others, but made good slaves, and had upon each cheek a gash extending from the head to the chin; they were in general of a lively temperament. The negroes from Cape La Hoe, or Lahore, or the Gold Coast, possessed equally valuable qualities, and were brought in great numbers to Surinam, where a famous traffic was established, and from whence the slaves were carried to other colonies. They were marked over the whole body with figures of birds and animals, and wore round the neck a string of red sea-shells, which was regarded as a kind of amulet or charm. They were for the most part strong, tall, and well made, but not very black in colour; as a general rule, it was remarked that the darker the colour of the negro, the stronger he was. The real D'Elmina negroes were all born in the village or crom of D'Elmina, and were not saleable, such sale being against the laws. Those people which were purchased at St. George D'Elmina, came from the Asiantyn, Hautaschi, Fantysche, Alguirasche, Wassaches, and Akinsche countries. The men as well as the women, were marked upon the cheeks and breast with several gashes. Among these people were found some old slaves quite grey, who had a custom of smearing their hair with charcoal to make it black. The Annamaboe negroes (sometimes called Fantynes) belonged to the English, a well-conducted tribe, and best suited of all for the work of the plantations. they were marked upon the forehead with points, or spots, burnt in with gunpowder. Among the Fantynes were found some Akinsche and Ashantees. Between these nations no marked difference existed except in language. The Acra negroes were brave, strong, and good slaves. These excellent qualities rendered them costly in the market. They were under the protection of the Danes, but the Dutch and the English had control of such as were located near their forts. The Abo and Papa negroes were little meddled with; the last were said to have a kind of poison placed under their nails, with which they threatened to kill any one, if exasperated; hence, perhaps, the disinclination that was shown to interfere with them. The Cormantyn negroes were of a good disposition, but never forgave an injury; they always attempted the life of any person who offended them, and, failing in their purpose, destroyed themselves. They had no characteristic marks, but were known to by their fine smooth black skin. The Loango or Goango negroes (no doubt the present Kroomen), were a vicious race, and practised cannibalism. Their teeth were so exquisitely sharpened that they could easily bite off a finger, and all the other negroes hated and feared them. At the marriage of their kings a certain proportion of each tribe were killed for the purpose of furnishing a banquet. These people were never to be depended upon. They absconded from work, hid in the forests, and lived upon animals and reptiles. To the eastward and southward of the [slave] coast the negroes were of a bad quality; whilst from the north-west the best kind were procured."

My apologies - these messages are getting through the newsgroup filter. I've added them to the reject list, I hope this will prevent them from coming through in the future. Dean On Thursday, Jul 3, 2003, at 18:59 US/Eastern, atransition wrote: > http://atransition.com/richblessing.htm > > > > ==== CARIBBEAN Mailing List ==== > For information on individual islands, research aids, island bulletin > boards or history please visit the CaribbeanGenWeb project at > http://www.rootsweb.com/~caribgw/ >

Please excuse previous email as it was a mistake I made sending it to wrong address. Sorry.

    Being defeated is often a temporary condition.     Giving up is what makes it permanent.         Marilyn vos Savant             Go often to the house of your friend for     weeds soon choke up the unused path.         Scandinavian proverb 

Bonjour Thanks so much for the info about the publication. Hopefully I can find a copy of it somewhere, and will check with LDS as well. Bonne journée, Jeanine RossignolP wrote: > Bonjour > Census 1772 : Georges Lawrence from Rotterdam, gaoler. > About Saint Martin there is a publication in french very useful : > "Le siècle du sucre à Saint-Martin" > Denise et Henri Parisis > Bulletin de la société d'histoire de la Guadeloupe n° 99-102, 1994; 208 pages. > List of "habitations" (plantations) with owners. > French registers of Saint-Martin from 1773 have been filmed by LDS. > Regards > Philippe Rossignol > http://members.aol.com/GHCaraibe > > Dans l'article <3EE4B2BF.3A8E2838@earthlink.net>, jalvel@earthlink.net (Jeanine > Lawrence)a écrit : > > > > >From: A new lister > >I am researching the Lawrences/Laurences who settled in St Martin/St Maarten > >in the > >early 1800's, and hoping to find someone who has more information on them. We > >have > >been able to trace them back to 1804 and here is what we have on them so far: > > > >Thomas Lawrence-B ??, M: Jane Bryan > >Their son: Thomas Lawrence-B:1804 in St Martin, M: Sarah Bryan > >Their sons: Edward S. Lawrence B: 1840 in St Martin, M: Susanne Catherine > >Vlaun > > George Thomas Lawrence B: 1830 in St Martin, M: Anne Louisa > >Gumbs > > John Charles Lawrence B: 1837 in St Martin, M: Marie > >Louisa > >Becker > > William Lawrence B: ??......not married > >The story handed down from family is that the original settler was a mariner > >trading > > > >between Boston and the Caribbean, or England to Boston to the Caribbean. > >Will be glad to hear from anyone who has more info, or is researching St > >Martin, or > >knows where we can find more information about St Martin's settlers and > >mariners. > >Jeanine Lawrence > > > > ==== CARIBBEAN Mailing List ==== > To unsubscribe from the list send the word "unsubscribe" (without the quotes) as the only text in the body of an email message to CARIBBEAN-L-request@rootsweb.com for the list mode or CARIBBEAN-D-request@rootsweb.com if you are subscribed to the digest.

I believe that I found this reference. I have copied the entire footnotes, which I think are interesting. I came across this trying to find Lawango. The only reference to Lawango in Africa is the following and one other in which Lawango is a song title. Calabar, city and seaport, southeastern Nigeria, capital of Cross River State, on an estuary of the Gulf of Guinea. The city is the market center for the surrounding area in which cacao, palm oil, piassava, rubber, and timber are produced. (Calabar see: http://www.greatestcities.com/Africa/Nigeria/Calabar_city.html) Slave cargoes Footnotes (see: http://www.mapesmonde.com/books/danish-west-indies/danish_bibliography.pdf) 1 One hundred and eighty-seven “manquerons” were delivered back to the captain, who sold one hundred and twentyseven to private buyers for 5,459 rdl. Muller’s cargo is put down as consisting of Lawango negroes; those arriving in July are called “Calabary” or Kalbarie” negroes.,----En English, Calabar. 2 De Witte, being able to account only for three hundred and one when he should have had three hundred and twelve, was charged with the difference or “profit” of 35 rdl. each, or 385 rdl. The Company bought two hundred and thirtyeight (229½ Pies de Indies) at 65 rdl. each. Many of those remaining were delivered back to the captain who sold them to planters and paid the Company the four per cent. duty. N. J., St. Thomas, 1709-1710. 3 This includes men and women. Of the two hundred and twenty-nine, forty-nine were sick or “manquerons” as were six of the sixteen boys. Two hundred were bought first, and fifty-three later. 4 Capt. S. died immediately after arrival and Capt. Anthony Warene (Vareny) took his place. The remainder of the cargo (six hundred and twenty-six on arrival at St. Thomas) that was unsold or still alive was taken to Porto Bello and Carthagena. 5 Besides these, the Company received eight in duty. 6 Jachumson’s cargo consisted of Angola slaves. On Thu, 3 Jul 2003 16:17:29 +0000 (UTC), aqw8326@hotmail.com ("Ann Whiting") wrote: >I have just began my Dutch/Danish Trading research, but I ran across the >following. > >1/1709, Capt. H.C. Tonder arrived with slaves from Calabary, >8/1709, Cpt. Muller, arrived with 187 slaves, 138-m, 22-w, 19-b, 3-g, from >Lawango. >6/1712, Cpt. Jpchumsen, arrived with 178 slaves from Angola. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>SNIP<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< > >

Although I have given most of my library on African history over to my daughter, I have found the following on a slave rebellion in Antigua which is a suitable start for Richard Allicock's call for a thread on African slave immigrants to the West Indies. From: Bondmen and Rebels: A study of Master-Slave Relations in Antigua, David Barry Gaspar, Johns Hopkins University Press. 1985 From Part II. Slaves and Slave Society As in other parts of plantation America, Antiguan slaveowners showed a definite preference for certain ethnic groups and an aversion to others. Their first choices were blacks from the Cold Coast generally, whom they called Coromantees (Koromantyns, Callamantees), an those imported from Whydah in Dahomey. Coromantee was not the name of any particular Gold Coast group but a generic term adopted after the Dutch fort at Kormantin. The largest ethnic groups in the Gold Coast belonged to the Akan language group (Fanti, Asante), and here too were to be found the Guang an Ga-Andangme peoples and numerous others of the hinterland. Of the Coromantees Bryan Edwards wrote: "The circumstances which distinguish the Koromantyn, or Gold Coast, Negroes, from all others, are firmness both of body and mind; a ferociousness of dispositions; but with al, activity, courage and a stubbornness, or what an ancient Roman would have deemed an elevation, of soul, which prompts them to enterprises of difficulty and danger; and enables them to meet death, in its most horrible shape, with fortitude or indifference. They sometimes take to labour with great promptitude and alacrity, and have constitutions well adapted for it.".. Africans loaded as Whydah, a port in Dahomey, on the Slave Coast, were Antiguans' choice after Coromantees. These slaves were called Pawpaws or Poppas, a term that referred to the Fon, Gun, and other related groups of that region. Stephen Blizard [Tim's note: S. Blizard was the owner of Green Island Estate and others in Mid 18th Century] noted that Gold Coast slaves "always answer better than any Slaves from Africa except Papaws."..These Antiguan preferences for Coromantees and Pawpaws corresponded to the make-up of the British slave trade during the first three decades of the eighteenth century, when most British exports came from the Gold and Slave coasts. Although slaves continued to be shipped from these regions, their slaves in their overall British trade declined after 1730 in favor of the Bight of Biafra, further down the coast. Curtin's calculations indicate that the Gold Coast, which had contributed 38.3 percent of the export trade during the decade 1721-30, held only 15.8 percent between 1751 and 1760. For the same periods the shares of the Bight of Biafra - where the main groups were Ibos, Ibobios, Edos, and Ijaws - were 3.2 percent and 40.4 percent respectively... When Antiguans bought Ibos, or slaves from Calabar or Angola, they risked "mortality and failure of that kind of Negroes."

I have just began my Dutch/Danish Trading research, but I ran across the following. 1/1709, Capt. H.C. Tonder arrived with slaves from Calabary, 8/1709, Cpt. Muller, arrived with 187 slaves, 138-m, 22-w, 19-b, 3-g, from Lawango. 6/1712, Cpt. Jpchumsen, arrived with 178 slaves from Angola. "Sharing the information." Researching the USVI, St.Eustatius, St. Barths, Barbados ----Original Message Follows---- From: "Tim & Una Anderson" <timuna@starpower.net> Reply-To: CARIBBEAN-L@rootsweb.com To: CARIBBEAN-L@rootsweb.com Subject: New threads -- Slave immigrants from West Africa -- Gold Coast, Slave Coast Date: Thu, 3 Jul 2003 11:30:38 -0400 Although I have given most of my library on African history over to my daughter, I have found the following on a slave rebellion in Antigua which is a suitable start for Richard Allicock's call for a thread on African slave immigrants to the West Indies. From: Bondmen and Rebels: A study of Master-Slave Relations in Antigua, David Barry Gaspar, Johns Hopkins University Press. 1985 From Part II. Slaves and Slave Society As in other parts of plantation America, Antiguan slaveowners showed a definite preference for certain ethnic groups and an aversion to others. Their first choices were blacks from the Cold Coast generally, whom they called Coromantees (Koromantyns, Callamantees), an those imported from Whydah in Dahomey. Coromantee was not the name of any particular Gold Coast group but a generic term adopted after the Dutch fort at Kormantin. The largest ethnic groups in the Gold Coast belonged to the Akan language group (Fanti, Asante), and here too were to be found the Guang an Ga-Andangme peoples and numerous others of the hinterland. Of the Coromantees Bryan Edwards wrote: "The circumstances which distinguish the Koromantyn, or Gold Coast, Negroes, from all others, are firmness both of body and mind; a ferociousness of dispositions; but with al, activity, courage and a stubbornness, or what an ancient Roman would have deemed an elevation, of soul, which prompts them to enterprises of difficulty and danger; and enables them to meet death, in its most horrible shape, with fortitude or indifference. They sometimes take to labour with great promptitude and alacrity, and have constitutions well adapted for it.".. Africans loaded as Whydah, a port in Dahomey, on the Slave Coast, were Antiguans' choice after Coromantees. These slaves were called Pawpaws or Poppas, a term that referred to the Fon, Gun, and other related groups of that region. Stephen Blizard [Tim's note: S. Blizard was the owner of Green Island Estate and others in Mid 18th Century] noted that Gold Coast slaves "always answer better than any Slaves from Africa except Papaws."..These Antiguan preferences for Coromantees and Pawpaws corresponded to the make-up of the British slave trade during the first three decades of the eighteenth century, when most British exports came from the Gold and Slave coasts. Although slaves continued to be shipped from these regions, their slaves in their overall British trade declined after 1730 in favor of the Bight of Biafra, further down the coast. Curtin's calculations indicate that the Gold Coast, which had contributed 38.3 percent of the export trade during the decade 1721-30, held only 15.8 percent between 1751 and 1760. For the same periods the shares of the Bight of Biafra - where the main groups were Ibos, Ibobios, Edos, and Ijaws - were 3.2 percent and 40.4 percent respectively... When Antiguans bought Ibos, or slaves from Calabar or Angola, they risked "mortality and failure of that kind of Negroes." ==== CARIBBEAN Mailing List ==== To unsubscribe from the list send the word "unsubscribe" (without the quotes) as the only text in the body of an email message to CARIBBEAN-L-request@rootsweb.com for the list mode or CARIBBEAN-D-request@rootsweb.com if you are subscribed to the digest. _________________________________________________________________ MSN 8 helps eliminate e-mail viruses. Get 2 months FREE*. http://join.msn.com/?page=features/virus