Larry said: " The practical side of finding out that a Boyd you are researching is in a very different haplo group is that it can save you tons of work on paper trail research that you could otherwise direct to other more fruitful pursuits." I do understand Larry's point, but in my own case it will not bring an end to my perhaps fruitless search. I am descended from the Patrick County VA Boyds, however my family DNA does not match others that, on paper, definitely should be the same family. When you consider that we've thought ourselves to be the same Boyds since the early 1700's, I'm not just going to give up finding the Boyd that got us to this country in the first place. These people are still my family. Biologically, if I go back 28 generations maybe I was a Hinkle or a Richardson according to the present FTDNA matches, but how would I ever find the "missing link" there? So, I'll just continue to search for the Boyd that got me here and be grateful that somebody in this fine family took in one of my ancestors long, long ago. Charlene Boyd Kemp PA State Historian HBS