Yamasee War (1715-16), in British-American colonial history, conflict between Indians, mainly Yamasee, and British colonists in the southeastern area of South Carolina, resulting in the collapse of Indian power in that area. Embittered by settlers' encroachment upon their land and by unresolved grievances arising from the fur trade, a group of Yamasees rose and killed 90 white traders and their families (April 15, 1715). All the surrounding Indian tribes except the Cherokee and the Lower Creek eventually allied themselves with Yamasee bands that continued to raid trading posts and plantations. The conspiracy disintegrated, however, when South Carolinian military resistance was strengthened by additional troops from neighbouring colonies and war supplies from New England. Many of the defeated Indians escaped to Florida, joining runaway black slaves and other Indians to form what later were called the Seminole. Sorce info Encyc. Britta 2000 Bright Star

SUMTER county, central South Carolina, U.S. It is bordered to the west by the Wateree River, which flows into the Congaree River; the narrow far eastern border is the Lynches River. The county is also drained by the Black and Pocotaligo rivers. Shaw Air Force Base, Manchester State Forest, Poinsett State Park, and Woods Bay State Park (in a Carolina bay, or isolated swampy area) are all located there. Sumter county is an agricultural region situated both on low Fall Line hills and on a flat, often swampy area of the inner Coastal Plain. The Wateree Indians, a small Siouan-speaking tribe, inhabited the region in the 17th century. By the time of the U.S. War of Independence, European settlers had replaced its forests with farms; the county continues to be a leading source of cotton, tobacco, grains, legumes, and livestock. General Thomas Sumter, for whom the county was named, founded the town of Stateburg and in 1786 promoted it for the future state capital. Sumter county was established in 1785 (though it did not take its present boundaries until 1902) with the town of Sumter as the seat. Agriculture and manufacturing (food, textiles, furniture, and fabricated metal products) are the mainstays of the economy. Area 666 square miles (1,724 square km). Pop. (1990) 101,276; (1998 est.) 107,127. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -- To cite this page: "Sumter" Encyclopædia Britannica Online. <http://members.eb.com/bol/topic?eu=2572&sctn=1&pm=1> [Accessed 30 June 2000].

<A HREF="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jamarcus/">Click here: Pine Ridge: A Cultural Analysis of the Lakota Sioux</A> http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jamarcus/ Bright Star

<A HREF="http://www.anpa.ualr.edu/Black_Indian_Intro.html">Click here: Black-Indian History Resources</A> http://www.anpa.ualr.edu/Black_Indian_Intro.html Bright Star

<A HREF="http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/POCA/POC_law.html">Click here: Racial Law</A> http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/POCA/POC_law.html Bright Star

<A HREF="http://www.mindspring.com/~mike.wicks/index.html">Click here: Mike's Place</A> http://www.mindspring.com/~mike.wicks/index.html Bright Star

<A HREF="http://www.cyberus.ca/~mfdunn/metis/links/Metis.html">Click here: Metis Links</A> http://www.cyberus.ca/~mfdunn/metis/links/Metis.html Bright Star

<A HREF="http://www.murrah.com/gen/redbones.htm">Click here: Redbones and Melungeons</A> http://www.murrah.com/gen/redbones.htm Bright Star

<A HREF="http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/cwmhtml/cwmhome.html">Click here: Civil War Maps Collection</A> http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/cwmhtml/cwmhome.html Bright Star

<A HREF="http://www.loc.gov/library/">Click here: Using the Library of Congress: Collections & Services for Researchers, Libraries, and the Public</A > http://www.loc.gov/library/ Bright Star

<A HREF="http://lcweb.loc.gov/homepage/lchp.html">Click here: Library of Congress Home Page</A> http://lcweb.loc.gov/homepage/lchp.html Bright Star

<A HREF="http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ga/NativeAmerican">Cl ick here: NativeAmerican Co. Ga Query Forum Message Index</A> http://cgi.rootsweb.com/~genbbs/genbbs.cgi/USA/Ga/NativeAmerican Bright Star

Subj: Great Online Family Tree Enhancements Date: 6/30/00 12:20:11 PM Eastern Daylight Time From: [email protected] (Ancestry.com_OFT) To: [email protected] ([email protected]) Dear Online Family Tree User: The Online Family Tree is a free, easy-to-use application to help users create family trees. It is also the only multi-user genealogy tool anywhere, so users can collaborate with family members to create family trees. We are now introducing significant improvements to the Online Family Tree. The new Online Family Tree gives users an experience that is more familiar, which will make it much easier to use for both experienced genealogists and those new to the hobby. New features include the following: --A familiar user interface makes it fast and easy to move between different views and add new information. --The user has the ability to view from 4 to 7 generations in a pedigree. --A view that displays three generations of descendants is now available. --Each Editor, Guest, and Administrator can choose his or her own start individual, so each user sees the preferred root individual when logging in. --The user can now navigate to the left in the pedigree as easily as navigating to the right. --Pedigrees and Family Group Sheets are offered in printer-friendly versions. --It is now possible to view and add sources for all events. --The user can include some non-English characters, such as German, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, French, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish. NOTE: You are receiving this email as a user of the Ancestry.com Online Family Tree. If you do not want to receive these periodic updates, please follow the unsubscribe instructions at the end of this email. Sincerely, Ancestry.com ____________________________________________________________ To unsubscribe, mailto:[email protected] or if the email address is not clickable, simply copy [email protected] and paste it into to TO: field in your email application, then hit send. You will be taken off the list immediately. Thank you! Bright Star

<A HREF="http://www.nara.gov/genealogy/1930cen.html#BCC600">Click here: 1930 Federal Population Census</A> http://www.nara.gov/genealogy/1930cen.html#BCC600 Bright Star

As two bitter disputes over long-dead bodies rekindle the interest in early American settlers, Bob Rickard steps into the arena and asks: "Who were the first Americans?" Once upon a time, the prehistory of the North American continent was sewn-up. There were no people in the Americas before the ancestors of the Amerindians migrated over the Bering Straits from Siberia, settled into different regions and developed distinct cultures. Nothing much else happening until white folks arrived. Now all that has given way to bitter disputes. The first skirmish came in April last year, over the famous Spirit Cave mummy. Discovered in 1940, in a cave east of Carson City, Nevada, the mummified burial of a 40-year-old man was thought to be about 3,000 years old. New dating methods, carried out at the University of California Riverside, put his death at 9,415 years before the present (BP). It is now claimed to be the oldest naturally mummified body in North America ­ by comparison, the Alpine 'Ice Man' dates to about 5,300 years BP and there is a Peruvian mummy at least 10,000 years old. Although features of the burial accord with what is known of Amerindian culture of the period, the original report describes the man's features as "different from modern American Indians". In particular he had a small face and a long cranium. He appears to be "more closely related to Southeast Asian peoples," said Amy Dansie of the Nevada State Museum and current custodian of the remains. The Paiute Indians, whose lands are close to Spirit Cave, have demanded the body for burial. "We believe this is an ancestor of the Northern Paiutes," said a spokesman for that tribe; however, the Fallon Paiute Shoshone tribe also lay claim to the body. "There is no practical possibility that he is the lineal genetic ancestor of any contemporary Great Basin group," Dr James Adovasio, excavator of the Meadowcroft rock shelter (see panel), told the Washington Post. The case may well be referred to the courts to decide whether anthropologists have "the right to defy Native Americans' desire not to allow us to study people that are not demonstrably their ancestors," said Dansie. Hot on the tail of the Spirit Cave affair, an eerily similar dispute erupted further northwest. It began when James Chatters was asked by the sheriff of Kennewick, in Washington State, to examine a half-buried skeleton on a bank of the Columbia River. The remains had been found in July 1996 by two college students, apparently washed out of the ground by subsurface irrigation. Chatters ­ a consultant anthropologist based nearby in Richland who is reconstructing the post-Ice Age ecology of the Columbia River basin ­ soon determined that the intact bones were not Amerindian. "I thought we had a pioneer," he told Timothy Egan of the New York Times. There was one curiosity: embedded in the man's pelvis was a worked stone point which Chatters recognised as a spear tip. The man had obviously survived a potentially fatal wounding ­ bone had regrown around the embedded tip ­ to die in middle-age of something else much later. What really jolted Chatters was that the type of spear was in use not a few hundred years ago but thousands of years ago. He sent a bone fragment to the University of California at Riverse for radiocarbon dating. The results determined that the man had died 9,300 years ago ­ which puts him in the same timeframe as the Spirit Cave mummy ­ and the implications are dividing academic and cultural communities. For traditional anthropologists, the discovery of a Caucasoid-type man in that time and place contradicts the usual view that only the descendants of the original Mongoloid (or northern Asian) migrants had settled there. "This was not a Caucasian as some papers reported," Chatters explained to me. "He has more in common with Southeast Asian types, possibly even southern Indian or Ainu." Chatters is one of the few people who have had the opportunity to see both Kennewick Man and the Spirit Cave mummy and he has noted their similarities. Other anthropologists, too, have noted, from time to time, anomalous bones with Caucasoid or southern Asian characteristics. "It's easy to overlook the fact that modern racial types did not necessarily exist ten thousand years ago. They were still forming," he said. Only DNA analysis could tell if these two skeletons were related in some way as their dates could well be contemporary within the margin of error for carbon dating. Perhaps these Caucasoid people had a loose culture that extended from Nevada to the Columbia River (perhaps 600 miles) that was overwhelmed by the newcomers? That territory would include Idaho, where, says Chatters, remains found at Buhl and dated to around 10,700 BP are almost a female version of the Kennewick body. Perhaps they came along with the Mongoloids? A similar 16,000-year-old Caucasoid was found near Lake Baikal, he says, which would place it close to the origins of the migrations across Beringia (as the land bridge is sometimes called). "These discoveries will change the way we look at the prehistory of the Americas," Chatters told me. Bright Star

It should come as little surprise that the Mohegan were one of the few New England tribes to support the English during the King Philip's War (1675-76). However, despite their many years of service, the number of supposed-loyal tribes who had joined the uprising had made the English suspect everyone. Uncas was ordered to report to Boston and surrender all of his people's firearms, but he was 87 years old by this time and sent three of his sons in his stead who turned in only part of their weapons. To insure the Mohegan were trustworthy, two of the sons were kept as hostages for the remainder of the war, while one of them, Oneko (Oweneco), was released to lead the warriors. The Mohegan fought initially as scouts for the army of Robert Treat and in September, 1675, rescued an English column near Hadley, Massachusetts on the verge of being wiped out. That December, 150 Mohegan and Pequot warriors joined the English army which destroyed the Narragansett fort at Kingston, Rhode Island (Great Swamp Fight). The following April, the Mohegan performed what was perhaps their greatest service during the war when they captured Canonchet, the last important Narragansett sachem. After refusing to help the English find Philip, Canonchet was executed at Stonington by a Mohegan firing squad. It should be noted that, because of the Mohegan, Connecticut suffered very little during the King Philip's War with only a few Podunk joining Philip's raids in western Massachusetts. At the end of the war, the Mohegan were the only important tribe remaining in southern New England, but even after they allowed some of the defeated Narragansett to settle among them, warfare and epidemic had reduced them to less than 1,000. They were enough that during the 50 years which followed, Connecticut was largely immune from the Abenaki raids which terrorized the rest of New England. So long as the Mohegan had enough warriors to form a decent-sized war party, Connecticut had a formidable security service. The Mohegan served as English scouts during the King William's War (1688-96), and during the Queen Anne's War (1701-13), they guided two expeditions into the upper Connecticut Valley against the Abenaki. During Grey Lock's War (1723-27), forty-two Mohegan volunteered as scouts, but by this time those forty-two warriors represented every able-bodied man the Mohegan had left. However, loyal service as allies failed to win them any special gratitude from the English colonists or protect them from the forces which had decimated the less accommodating tribes in New England. As their population declined, debts owed to English traders forced the Mohegan to sell land until by 1721 the 4,000 acres along the Thames was all that remained. Crowded into an ever-smaller space, groups of Mohegan began leaving Connecticut. When Ben Uncas, the last Mohegan sachem, died in 1769, what little that remained of their homeland and tribal unity passed with him. Before his death, Ben Uncas had assigned the protection of the Mohegan lands to the family of John Mason. Mason did something unexpected and tried hard to do a good job for the Mohegan which, of course, made him hated by his fellow colonists. Mason finally succumbed to the tremendous pressure in 1774 and surrendered the deed to the remaining Mohegan lands to the tender care of the government of Connecticut. Perhaps because they had found the Mohegan more useful the way they were, the English did not seriously attempt to convert them to Christianity until the efforts of Reverend James Fitch in 1671 at Norwich. However, the Mohegan were already beginning to feel victimized by this time, and Fitch did not find them receptive. One argument encountered was the Mohegan felt they already had a good religion, and if the English would practice their own, they would stop taking Mohegan land. Fitch's work was cut short by King Phillip's War, and the English were so bitter afterwards that organized missionary activity did not resume until 1711 when missions were established for the Mohegan at Groton, Stonington, and Niantic. However, the first truly effective missionary among the Mohegan was by one of their own people, the Mohegan minister, Samson Occum. During 1773 Occum preached to his tribesmen and organized them into the Brother Towns (later called Brotherton). He ultimately succeeded in converting about 300 of them (about half of the tribe), many of whom adopted English customs and dress and abandoned their traditional lifestyle. Occum preached with equal success to other tribes, and although the Brotherton Indians ultimately became a mix of Mohegan, Metoac, and Mattabesic, the Mohegan were by far the largest component. Conversion, however, did little to make Indians more welcome in Connecticut, and Occum urged his flock to accept the invitation of the Oneida (Iroquois) to join them in upstate New York. The first group left in 1775, and the move was complete by 1788. Occum died in 1792. In 1802 the Connecticut Brotherton were joined by a second Brotherton group of Unami Delaware from New Jersey. In 1822 the Brotherton sold their New York lands and by 1834 had moved with the Oneida and Stockbridge Indians (Mahican) to northern Wisconsin. Some of the Brotherton merged with the Stockbridge and their descendants are now part of the Stockbridge Indians west of Green Bay. The remaining Brotherton in Wisconsin (not federally recognized) still live in the vicinity of the eastern shore of Lake Winnebago. May Your Waters Run Gentle. Little Hawk.

I Am now worndering is the Black Dutch comes from the relationship of the Mohegan and and the Dutch . since I have learned that they at least had a trade relationship hmmm, I wonder. May Your Waters Run Gentle. Little Hawk.

The Mohegan and Pequot together numbered about 6,000 in 1620. Internal divisions occurred after 1633, and Uncas and his followers separated from the main body to become the Mohegan. A smallpox epidemic during the winter of 1634-35 reduced both groups by about 30 percent. After the Pequot War, the two groups were forcibly reunited when 1,500 Pequot and western Niantic were placed under the control of Uncas and the Mohegan creating a combined population of about 3,000. A second smallpox epidemic in 1639 lowered this to less than 2,500. The English moved the Pequot to separate reserves in 1655 and later population estimates sometimes included them as part of the Mohegan and sometimes not. Despite the incorporation of Mattabesic, Nipmuc, and Narragansett, the Mohegan population continued to drop - mainly from disease. Smallpox appeared at regular intervals (1649, 1662, 1670, 1677, 1687, 1729, 1755) and combined with influenza (1647, 1675), diphtheria (1659), and measles (1687) to decimate Connecticut's native population. Although the Mohegan were considered an ally by the colonists, it is likely their close association accelerated the decline of the Mohegan by exposure to infection. By 1675 the Mohegan numbered less than 1,200. Thirty years later (1705), they were only 750. In the years which followed, groups began to separate from the main body - most notably, the 300 Mohegan who left Connecticut with the Brotherton Indians between 1775 and 1788 to live with the Oneida and Stockbridge Indians (Mahican) in upstate New York. The Brotherton, Oneida, and Stockbridge sold their New York lands in 1822 and by 1834 had moved to northern Wisconsin. Currently, there are Mohegan descendants in Wisconsin among the Stockbridge west of Green Bay and Brotherton (not federally recognized) east of Lake Winnebago. After these defections, there were only 206 Mohegan in Connecticut in 1774. By 1809 this had fallen to 70. There was a sudden increase to 360 in 1832 - the result of either an amazing birth-rate or a count which included native peoples other than Mohegan. The 1850 census listed 125 Mohegan in Connecticut, most of whom afterwards merged quietly into the general population. The 1910 census found only 22. Recently reorganized as a tribe, the Mohegan have almost 1,000 members (600 live in Connecticut) and received federal recognition in 1994. Names In their language, "Mohegan" means wolf - exactly the same as "Mahican" from the Mahican language, but these slightly different names refer to two very distinct Algonquin tribes in different locations. It is very common for the Mohegan of the Thames River in eastern Connecticut to be confused with the Mahican from the Hudson Valley in New York (a distance of about a hundred miles). Even James Fenimore Cooper got things confused when he wrote "Last of the Mohicans" in 1826. Since Cooper lived in Cooperstown, New York and the location of his story was the upper Hudson Valley, it can be presumed he was writing about the Mahican of the Hudson River, but the spelling variation chosen (Mohican) and use of Uncas, the name of a Mohegan sachem, has muddled things. Other factors have contributed to the confusion, not the least of which was the Mohegan were the largest group of the Brotherton Indians in Connecticut. After the Brotherton moved to the Oneida reserve in upstate New York in 1788, they became mixed with the Stockbridge Indians (Mahican) from western Massachusetts. Because of this, the present-day Stockbridge Tribe should contain descendants from both the Mahican and Mohegan. Anyone not confused at this point may consider himself an expert. Spelling variations used for the Mohegan in Connecticut and Mahican of New York and western Massachusetts (Mohiggan, Monahegan, Morihican, etc.) frequently overlap and have been applied equally to both tribes. Alternative names only for the Mohegan were: Seaside People, Uncas Indians, Unkas, and Upland Indians. Language Algonquin. Y-dialect like the Pequot, Narragansett, Niantic, and Montauk. It should be noted that the Mahican of New York spoke an N-dialect. Villages Ashowat, Catantaquck, Checapscaddock, Groton, Kitemaug, Mamaquaog, Mashantackack, Massapeag, Mohegan, Moosup, Moraigan, Nawhesetuck, Pachaug, Paugwonk, Pautexet, Pigscomsuck, Poquechanneeg, Poquechanock, Poquetanuck, Shantuck, Shecomeco, Shetucket (Showtucket), Wabaquasset, Wanungatuck (Waunungtatuck, Wongattuck), Wauregan, and Willimantic (Weammantuck). Culture Culturally, the Mohegan were identical to the Pequot - the only difference being their political allegiance. The Mohegan were English allies for almost a century after 1633, while the Pequot fought the colonists and were nearly destroyed in five years. From the perspective of the colonists and their descendants (who wrote the history of New England), Uncas and the Mohegan were the "good Indians," while Sassacus and the Pequot were "bad Indians." Most native Americans, however, would probably see this "good" and "bad" in reverse. It is interesting to note that, although the Mohegan and Pequot tried to cope with the Europeans by very different means , their ultimate fate was the same ...impoverishment, loss of their land, and near-extinction. History The traditions of both the Mohegan and Pequot agree that they originally came from the upper Hudson River Valley. The timing of this migration is unclear but appears to have been sometime around 1500. Dutch records dating from 1614 mention their meeting with the Sequin on the lower Connecticut River. Although this may have been another tribe, the name appears to have been altered at a later date to Pequin which was one of the names the Dutch used for the Pequot. During the next few years, the Dutch increased their fur trade along the lower Connecticut and built a permanent trading post near Hartford in 1622. Although the Dutch wanted to trade with everyone, the Pequot were determined to dominate the smaller Nipmuc and Mattabesic tribes in the area and control their access to the Dutch. After a violent confrontation and near-war in 1622, the Dutch decided to let the Pequot have their way, and the result was profitable for both the Dutch and Pequot. During the next ten years, the Pequot collected tolls from other tribes for the right to pass through their lands or served as middlemen in the fur and wampum trade with the Dutch along the Connecticut River. This comfortable arrangement ended in 1633 when English traders from Boston built a trading post at Windsor just upstream from the Dutch. From this location, the English were able to intercept the furs coming from the interior before they could reach either the Pequot or Dutch. The Dutch reacted by purchasing land from the Pequot and building a fortified trading post (House of Good Hope) while hoping that Pequot hostility would force the English to leave. The reasons the Dutch were upset with this English competition are obvious, but the Pequot's were more complex. Besides the loss of tolls and tribute from other tribes, there was also (perhaps more importantly) a direct challenge to their authority over the tribes in the area which struck the very heart of the Pequot's power. Another was wampum, the source of Pequot wealth. English colonists had started manufacturing wampum with steel drills and were flooding the market which lowered its value. Because of this, the Dutch were certain the Pequot would force the English to leave, but things did not work out this way. As they acquired wealth and power, serious divisions began to appear within the Pequot. For one thing, the Pequot inland along the upper Thames did have the same access to Dutch traders as did their coastal tribesmen. In their view, the English post at Windsor was more accessible with better prices, and they saw no reason why the Pequot should not be able to establish a monopoly with the English similar to one with the Dutch. Adding to this was the personal rivalry between Sassacus and Uncas. When the Pequot grand sachem Wopigwooit died in 1631, both Uncas and Sassacus expected to succeed him. The council, however, chose Sassacus, and despite the fact he was married to Sassacus' daughter, Uncas never accepted its decision. May Your Waters Run Gentle. Little Hawk.

Hi everybody, Does anyone have a copy of digest # 369, they can forward to me? Bright Star -- [email protected]

Subj: Search Tips (KMM1230070C0KM) Date: 6/29/00 4:13:04 PM Eastern Daylight Time From: [email protected] (MyFamily Customer Solutions) Reply-to: [email protected] (MyFamily Customer Solutions) To: [email protected] Dear MJ, We appreciate your message. There are three main methods to search Ancestry.com. The first method, outlined below, will provide the most beneficial search results. To begin a global search of Ancestry.com's databases, please do the following: 1. Access the Web site by going to www.ancestry.com. 2. Locate the search box entitled, "Find Your Ancestors Now!" 3. Enter the "Given name(s)" and "Last Name" of the ancestor you would like to search. 4. Select a locality to limit your search to a specific state or choose INTL for our collection of international databases. 5. Select the "Search" button. The next page will display the search results. Ancestry.com has provided an "Advanced Search" feature that narrows your search to a specific name, or several names at once. It will filter the search to a keyword, record type, locality and/or date range. The "Additional Options" drop down menu will narrow your search to near-spelling matches by either two, five, ten or twenty words on the selected name. To perform an "Advanced Search" do the following: 1. Select the "Search" tab at the top of the Ancestry.com homepage. 2. Select "Advanced Search" from the list of choices under the "Search" tab. 3. Type the "Given name(s)" and "Surname" of the ancestor you would like to search. 4. Choose the options you wish to include in your search, such as: additional name, keyword, record-type, and approximate date range. The more options selected, the narrower your search will be. 5. Select the "Search" button after selecting the desired search features. The next page will display the search results. The databases on Ancestry.com can also be searched individually. 1. Choose the "Search" tab at the top of the Ancestry.com home page. 2. Look in the lower right-hand corner of the "Search" page to find the "List of All Databases" section. Select the "View a list" link to access the list. This may take a few moments to download. 3. Once the list has appeared, select a database, type in a name, and select "Search." If you have any questions about any of these search features or would like to read about them in greater detail, use the suggestions listed in the "Search Help" section under the "Search" tab. Or use the following link: http://www.ancestry.com/search/help/main.htm#search. For all other questions, send an e-mail to [email protected], or call Customer Solutions at 1-801-431-5220. If there is anything else we can assist you with, please let us know. Jim Customer Solutions Order Status Ancestry.com 1-800-595-1211 M-F 8am to 7pm e-mail: [email protected] "Connecting and Strengthening Families Through the World Wide Web"