slavery Slave demography It is sometimes alleged that slavery and marriage were totally incompatible, for recognition of the husband-wife bond would have limited intolerably the slave owner's authority and his right to dispose of his property. Historically, however, such a view is incorrect. Limitations on the right to dispose of property have been frequent throughout history, and slaves were no exception. Thus, slave marriages were recognized in a number of slave-owning societies, including Carthage, Hellenistic Greece, late Byzantium, most of the Roman Catholic medieval world, Ch'ing China, Hindu India, Thailand, the Tlingit and Kwakiutl, and Oregon coast tribes. Hanbali Muslims stated that a slave could insist that his master provide him with a spouse, and Ming Chinese masters were obliged to choose mates for their female slaves when the latter were in their teens and for males around the age of 20. In Russia marriage between a free person and a slave was recognized legally, but according to one of the oldest Russian laws the free person became enslaved by marrying a slave. In Muscovy if a married slave fled, remarried, and was subsequently apprehended, he was to be rejoined to the first spouse. In the majority of slave societies (the Danish Virgin Islands excepted), on the other hand, slave marriages were not recognized in law and were not something that slave owners had to think about legally when disposing of slaves. For example, the Louisiana Code of 1824 explicitly stated that a slave had no right to be married. Nevertheless, even in these societies, including Rome, the American South, and West Indian Barbuda, slaves formed what they considered marriages and had children. Southern slave owners often recognized such marriages (even across estate boundaries) and their offspring because to have done otherwise would have interfered with production. In Brazil slave marriages were recognized by the Roman Catholic Church and recognized by law in 1869, but in 1875 only one-sixth of the slaves of marriageable age were recorded as married or widowed. Slave demography was frequently determined by the occupational employment of the slaves. Consequently, sexual imbalance was not at all unusual. In 9th-century France on the Abbey of Saint Germain des Prés' territory there were nearly three male slaves for every female, presumably because of the demand for agricultural labourers. In late medieval Europe, on the other hand, there was a great demand for female slaves as domestics and concubines. The same was true in China, where by the end of the Ch'ing era the institution of slavery had become primarily a female one. In early modern Russia there were two male slaves for every female because of a market demand for cavalrymen, military body servants, and domestics who could perform heavy labour. Concubinage, moreover, was illegal, and those who sold themselves into slavery practiced female infanticide before selling themselves. In many parts of Africa the demand was primarily for women and children for the purpose of incorporation into and expansion of lineages. Adult males were often killed unless they could be exported abroad. Such export conveniently fit into the circum-Caribbean demand for productive slaves to work in sugar, tobacco, and cotton production. Consequently, twice as many males as females and relatively few children under age 10 were shipped to the New World. One of the notions about slavery has been that slaves rarely reproduced themselves in bondage. Given the skewed demographic profile of many slave societies, it is not surprising that they failed to do so. The slaves of the Athenian Laurium silver mines or the Cuban sugar plantations, for example, lived in largely male societies. In Islamic slave-owning societies, castration and infibulation curtailed slave reproduction. The major exception to the rule was North America, where slaves began to procreate in significant numbers in the mid-18th century. This fact helped the slave owners survive the cutting off of imports in 1808. Between the censuses of 1790 and 1860 the slave population of the South expanded enormously--from 657,327 to 3,838,765--one of the fastest rates of population growth ever recorded prior to the advent of modern medicine. Paradoxically, although the Southern slave regime was one of the most dehumanizing ever recorded, it was one of the most favourable on record demographically, because the nutritional and general living environments were highly conducive to explosive population growth. Without significant imports the Southern slave population increased fourfold between the early 1800s and 1860. The ages of slave populations also were determined partially by productive requirements. As mentioned above, in Africa children were preferred for incorporation into lineages, whereas in much of the circum-Caribbean world adults were demanded for production. As a consequence, the age pyramids of both societies were skewed; in Africa children predominated, in much of the New World people over age 15. In Muscovy, to take another example, the age structure was skewed toward young adults, for it was primarily young adult males (aged 15-25) who sold themselves into slavery. source info Encyc. Britta 2000 Bright Star

<A HREF="http://ngeorgia.com/history/cherokeetimeline.html">Click here: Cherokee in Georgia -- Timeline</A> http://ngeorgia.com/history/cherokeetimeline.html Bright Star

<A HREF="http://ngeorgia.com/people/vann.html">Click here: James Vann</A> http://ngeorgia.com/people/vann.html Bright Star

<A HREF="http://www.georgetown.edu/departments/amer_studies/limit/maddox.html">Cl ick here: Civilization or Extinction?</A> http://www.georgetown.edu/departments/amer_studies/limit/maddox.html Bright Star

<A HREF="http://missioncarolina.org/cherokeehistory.html">Click here: Historical Notes on the Cherokee People</A> http://missioncarolina.org/cherokeehistory.html Bright Star

<A HREF="http://seis.natsci.csulb.edu/JJF/johncherokeez.html">Click here: CHEROKEE AND CHEROKEE GENEALOGY LINKS & GENERAL NATIVE AMERICAN AND GENEALOGY LINKS</A> http://seis.natsci.csulb.edu/JJF/johncherokeez.html Bright Star

<A HREF="http://ngeorgia.com/people/ridge.html">Click here: Major Ridge, Cherokee Chief who led the tribe on the path to acculturation</A> http://ngeorgia.com/people/ridge.html Bright Star

<A HREF="http://www.taino-tribe.org/jatiboni.html">Click here: The Jatibonicu Taino Tribal Nation Home Page</A> http://www.taino-tribe.org/jatiboni.html Bright Star

<A HREF="http://www.universitylake.org/history/1643.html">Click here: 1643 CONFEDERATION</A> http://www.universitylake.org/history/1643.html Bright Star

<A HREF="http://search.aol.com/redirect.adp?appname=QBP&query=%8f%25%f5%87%a4%ca% 64%de%61%8a%6b%94%fa%0b%ee%00%d3%77%86%36%6b%b2%4a%ea%0b%d4%08%38%db%11%93%aa% e1%b5%eb%e7%21%17%b6%8e%53%4b%ce%2c%95%c0%73%f2%f3%69%f1%de%43%5f%45%b3%3a%61% f3%75%2a%c9%90%da%ff%b9%45%2b%83%ea%bb%5e%1e%1b%e1%b3%f6%12%d4%b3%24%2d%45%de% eb%0e%06%22">Click here: United American Indians of New England</A> United American Indians of New England http://idt.net/~uaine19 Bright Star

<A HREF="http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/moh/moh1.htm">Click here: Civil War Medal of Honor Recipients</A> http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/moh/moh1.htm Bright Star ALOT OF NAMES HERE

<A HREF="http://www.geocities.com:0080/Athens/Oracle/7595/wamp1.htm">Click here: Microfilm Card Index</A> http://www.geocities.com:0080/Athens/Oracle/7595/wamp1.htm Bright Star

In a message dated 7/7/00 3:00:31 PM Eastern Daylight Time, [email protected] writes: << [MIXED-BLOODS-L] RE: Roll Call >> Bright Star's surnames; Mothers side Krauss Hasson Berlin Hornberger Bryant Kendall Manning Riggins , Crosby, Sharpless, Wilson, Matlack,Kuntz, Funk,Miles, Ottey,Wilimziby Dads side: McLaughlin,Moore,Taylor, Williams, Lewis,Adams, Bright Star

SQUAW -Facts on the Eradication of the "S" Word American Indian women and men all around the United States and Canadareject the use of the word squaw in reference to American Indianwomen. The word has been imposed on our culture by European Americansand appears on hundreds of geographic place names. Suzan Shown Harjobrought the issue to national attention on the Oparh Winfrey Show back in 1992. Since that time projects to eliminate the use of the wordon geographic sites have formed in Minnesota (Dawn Litzau and AngeleneLosh), in Arizona (Delena Waddle and Seipe Flood), in California (Stormy Ogden), and in Iowa (Fawn Stubben). Many other states areforming groups to eradicate the use of the word from geographic placenames and women's sports teams. 1.When people argue that the word squaw appears in the dictionary, remind them that the word is also identifiedas derogatory. The Thesaurus of Slang lists the term squaw as a synonym for prostitute, harlot, hussy, and floozy. 2.When people argue that the word originates in American Indianlanguage point out that: •In the Algonquin languages the word squaw means vagina. •In the Mohawk language the word otsikwaw means female genitalia. Mohawk women and men found thatearly European fur traders shortened the word to squaw because that represented what they wanted from Mohawk women. •Although scholarship traces the word to the Massachusset Indians backin the 1650s, the word has different meanings (or may not exist at all)in hundreds of other American Indian languages. This claim alsoassumes that a European correctly translated the Massachusset language to English--that he understood the nuances of Indian speech. •Attitudes of white supremacy account for the need of separate identifying terms such as squaw and buck. In order to justify the taking ofthe land, American Indian women and men had to be labled withdehumanizing terms. Europeans and European Americans spreadthe use of the word as they moved westward across the continent. 3.When people say "it never used to bother Indian women to be called squaw, respond with the following questions and statement. •Were American Indian women of people ever asked? Have you everasked an American Indian woman, man, or child how they feel about theword? (Do not say the word yourself, simply call it the "s" word) then state that it has always been used to insult American Indian women. 4.When people ask "why now?" explain that: •Through communication and education American Indian people have come to understand the derogatory meaning of the word. American Indian women claim the right to define ourselves as women and we reject the offensive term squaw.

<A HREF="http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~darci/search.htm">Click here: Genealogy Links and Surname Search Engines</A> http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~darci/search.htm Bright Star

Not to be discouraged, there are a lot of us mixed bloods that don't quite seem to have a place where we fit in. That is ok as we are perfectly capable of taking care of ourselves with the help of the Creator and of corse each other. hugs Grandma Tsi Tsi

<A HREF="http://sailor.gutenberg.org/etext97/mohic10.txt">Click here: http://sailor.gutenberg.org/etext97/mohic10.txt</A> http://sailor.gutenberg.org/etext97/mohic10.txt Bright Star

<A HREF="http://aises.uthscsa.edu/discussion/1997/0108.html">Click here: 1997 AISESnet Discussion: Wotanging Ikche--nanews05.010 (Part A)</A> http://aises.uthscsa.edu/discussion/1997/0108.html Bright Star

<A HREF="http://www.ilhawaii.net/~stony/shawnee.html">Click here: Words of the Shawnee</A> http://www.ilhawaii.net/~stony/shawnee.html Bright Star

<A HREF="http://www.greatdreams.com/wisdom.htm">Click here: NATIVE AMERICAN WISDOM</A> http://www.greatdreams.com/wisdom.htm One of my favorite places. Bright Star