<A HREF="http://www.pcpages.com/stevebrad/culture.html">Click here: http://www.pcpages.com/stevebrad/culture.html</A> http://www.pcpages.com/stevebrad/culture.html CLAN MOTHERS Bright Star

<A HREF="http://search.aol.com/redirect.adp?appname=QBP&query=%05%42%87%2a%b2%23% 86%69%30%5d%0a%b8%5f%42%ef%8a%7c%b5%a5%3d%c4%a9%da%0d%64%39%f9%0b%f4%eb%bd%ec% e2%64%e2%b8%f2%64%6f%06%40%1b%c1%c8%33%ff%36%30%97%68%82%22%65%99%e5%eb%c3%e3% c3%32%9b%72%92%3a%0e%57%70%e8%47%ba%83%fa%7e%9b%c0%ba%a8%50%82%67%af%a0%fb%05% 49%63%3e%6c%bb%82%4b%e8%5c%08%75%f1%97%cc%6f%ac%2b%6f%26%f3%90%0d%24%a0%61%cd% d7%1c">Click here: A Positive Light - Code Talkers, America's Secret Weapon</A > A Positive Light - Code Talkers, America's Secret Weapon The Marines might never have taken Iwo Jima and World War II might have ended differently without the indecipherable language of the Navajo Code Talkers. http://www.execpc.com/~shepler/codetalkers.html Hi, As I have said in the past, our NA brothers have always been fighting at our side.But , who is there biggest battle with? US, the very people they defend. We give them crumbs, when the wars are all over. But if war broke out again tomorrow, they are still by our sides. Wake up America, they desearve more then they get from our society. Bright Star

THE OLD MAN AND THE C: PROMPT ----------------------------- There was once a young man who, in his youth, professed his desire to become a great writer. When asked to define great, he said, "I want to write stuff that the whole world will read, stuff that people will react to on a truly emotional level, stuff that will make them scream, cry, howl in pain and anger!" He now works for Microsoft writing error messages. May Your Waters Run Gentle. Little Hawk.

The modern Navajo eats about the same kind of thing the rest of the inhabitants of the United States eat. In times past, however, they grew just about everything they ate, except for wild game. Aside from the traditional wild fare such as deer and rabbit, they also ate bear, gophers and prairie dogs. They didn't eat snakes as this would give them bad dreams and require a medecine man for a cure.

Traditional Navajo Recipes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Garbanzo Soup Recipe by Elaya K Tsosie ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Some people think this stock is too much trouble. But you can throw all the stock ingredients together one evening, let it simmer while you do something else, then chill the strained broth until you plan to serve it. Stock should be used within two days. Stock •2 1/2 qt. water •5 cloves garlic •3 fresh oregano sprigs •2 whole cloves •1 tbs. salt •1 tbs. ground cumin •1 tsp. black pepper •3 bay leaves, broken •1 or 2 fresh basil sprigs (may substitute 1 tsp. dried basil) •5 chicken bouillon cubes •1 frying chicken (3 lb.) cut up Vegetables •Juice of two limes •1 medium zucchini, chopped •1 yellow onion, chopped •2 stalks celery, chopped •1 carrot, chopped •1 green bell pepper, seeded and chopped •1 can (17 ounces) garbanzo beans, drained Optional garnishes: •Cooked rice •Sliced avocados •Fresh salsa To make stock: Bring the water to a boil, and then add all the stock ingredients, including the chicken. Skim the foam from the top as the soup simmers for 1 to 1 1/2 hr.. Remove the chicken, debone it and shred the meat when cool. Strain the stock and chill. This hardens the fat for easy removal. To make soup: Remove fat from stock. Reheat and add the juice of two limes. Add all the vegetables except the beans and cook just until tender-crisp, about 20 minutes. Add the shredded chicken and garbanzo beans. Heat until chicken and beans are hot throughout. To serve the soup, ladle into large soup bowls. Garnish with sliced avocados and fresh salsa. This soup can be made more substantial by adding a half-cup of rice in each bowl before pouring in the soup.

Traditional Navajo Recipes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Cheese and Green Chili Soup Recipe by Elaya K Tsosie ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Fresh Green Chilies in Olive Oil This is the method used to prepare chilies for the Cheese and Green Chili Soup recipe that follows. Dip each chili in olive oil and place on a cookie sheet. Place under broiler, about 3" from heat source. Broil until chilies are slightly scorched. Turn chilies and repeat process. It will take only 3 to 4 minutes on each side. Place chilies in freezer 3 hrs. Remove and pull skin from flesh of chilies. Remove seeds and membranes. Use with any recipe calling for green chilies. Cheese and Green Chili Soup •2 tbs. butter •2 onions, diced •4 cloves fresh garlic, chopped •15 freshly roasted green chilies (see previous instructions) You may use 1 large can (28 ounces) roasted diced green chilies if roasting your own is not an option •5 ripe tomatoes, diced •6 medium white potatoes, peeled and cut into 1" cubes •16 cups water •2 pounds Longhorn Colby or Cheddar cheese, shredded •Salt to taste In a large soup pot, melt butter and saut‚ onions and garlic over medium heat. When onions are soft, add green chilies and tomatoes. Simmer 10 minutes, stirring every minute or so. Add potatoes and water. Cook over medium heat until potatoes are done, 10 to 20 minutes. Add cheese. On very low heat, simmer about 30 minutes. Add salt to taste. For best results, allow to cool overnight and serve the next day. Makes 6 servings.

Traditional Navajo Recipes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Hopi Corn Stew Recipe by Elaya K Tsosie ------------------------------------------------------------------------ This recipe is a good way to use up a bit of leftover roast beef or ground beef. Good served with hard Pueblo style bread. •1 cup roast beef or ground beef, chopped •1 tbs. shortening •Salt and pepper to taste •2 cups fresh corn, cut from cobs •1 cup Zucchini squash, cubed •2 cups plus 2 tbs. water •2 tbs. cornmeal Heat shortening in a large heavy skillet. Brown meat and add salt and pepper to taste. Add squash, corn and 2 cups water. Simmer about 30 minutes, or until vegetables are almost tender. In a cup, stir together cornmeal and 2 tbs. water to make a paste. Stir thickener into stew. Stir about 5 minutes to prevent sticking. Makes 4 servings.

Traditional Navajo Recipes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Dried Corn Soup Recipe by Elaya K Tsosie ------------------------------------------------------------------------ •3 cups dried corn •12 cups water •1 1/2 lb. cubed pork (or beef) •1 diced onion •1 clove minced garlic •6 crushed red chili pods •1/2 tsp. oregano •3 tsp. salt •1/2 tsp. black pepper Wash dried corn thoroughly, soak overnight, drain when ready to use. Boil dried corn until tender - about 3 1/2 hr. in 6 cups water. Brown meat, add onion and garlic, saut‚ together until tender, drain off excess fat. Add pork, chili pods, oregano, salt, pepper and 6 cups water to cooked corn. Simmer for 1 hour or until the meat and corn are tender. Makes 2 quarts Note: Dried corn may be cooked in a pressure cooker for 45 minutes at about 15 lb. pressure.

Traditional Navajo Recipes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Dried Corn Stew Recipe by Elaya K Tsosie ------------------------------------------------------------------------ •3 cups water •1 cup dried corn (can substitute 1 cup dry garbanzo beans) •1 pound beef stew meat •1 cup chopped onion •1 teaspoon salt •1/8 teaspoon pepper In saucepan, combine water and corn (or garbanzo beans); bring to boiling. Reduce heat and simmer, uncovered, for 2 minutes. Remove from heat. Cover; let stand several hours. Return to boiling; simmer, covered, 1/2 more than an hour if using corn or 1 hour if using garbanzo beans for this recipe. Add remaining ingredients. Simmer, covered, until tender, about 1 1/2 hours. Season to taste. Makes 4 servings.

Traditional Navajo Recipes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Drying Corn Recipe by Elaya K Tsosie ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Take 12 ears fresh corn in husks Carefully peel back husks, leaving them attached at base of corn. clean corn, removing silks. Fold husks back into position. Place on wire rack in large shallow baking pan. (Allow space between ears so air can circulate.) Bake in 325 degree oven for 1 1/2 hours. Cool. Strip off husks. Hang corn, so ears do not touch, in a dry place till kernels are dry, at least 7 days. Makes about 6 cups shelled corn.

Traditional Navajo Recipes ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Basic Fry Bread Recipe - 2 variations Recipe by Elaya K Tsosie ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Version #1 •2 cups Flour •1 tsp. Salt •3 tsp. Baking Powder •1 cup Water Version #2 •3 cups Flour •1 tsp. Salt •1 tbs. Baking Powder •1 1/2 cup water •1 tbs. Shortening (cut in) Using the ingredients from either version above, mix ingredients and let sit for 10-15 minutes. Break off a ball of dough about golf ball size and pat out no thicker than 1/4 inch. (In some tribal traditions a hole is always made in the center which has spiritual significance) Fry in deep hot oil to a light golden brown, turn once to brown both sides. (Oil is hot enough if a small test piece of dough dropped in the oil begins cooking almost immediately and rises to the top.) Drain bread well and pat with paper towel to remove excess oil. Keep covered in a bowl while cooking to keep bread warm. Serving - Usually eaten like bread with soup, stew or posole Variations - Eat with honey, powdered sugar, cinnamon.

Hi List This is the website for the county in which I used to live ......... Beautiful country once known as Indian Territory. http://www.rootsweb.com/~okpushma/PushCo.html <A HREF="http://www.rootsweb.com/~okpushma/PushCo.html">PushCo.html</A> Blessings & enjoy Turtle/

In a message dated 7/8/0 1:47:34 PM, NativSprit wrote: << " I say just screw em all and crawl back in to bed and get my rocks off"....hehehehehehehehehehehehehehehehe Mike>> Yes, we should not worry about who accepts who, its our path that leads us to a better understanding. Turtle/

In a message dated 7/8/0 3:46:43 AM, [email protected] wrote: <<Not to be discouraged, there are a lot of us mixed bloods that don't quite seem to have a place where we fit in. That is ok as we are perfectly capable of taking care of ourselves with the help of the Creator and of corse each other. hugs Grandma Tsi Tsi >> When I said they try harder , I meant they really strive to keep the culture/language and traditions alive.......... I think you understand what I'm trying express right. blessings turtle/

In a message dated 7/8/0 3:41:21 AM, GLewis2035 wrote: <<That is ok as we are perfectly capable of taking care of ourselves with the help of the Creator and of corse each other. hugs Grandma Tsi Tsi>> Yes , your so right Grandma Tsi Tsi because I've noticed in my lifetime that no matter what culturely mixed of Mixed Bloods they try harder and seem to be more proud then any other .......hehehe blessings Turtle/

hmmmmm this may sound kinda obscene, but I have a WEIRD sense of humor so bear with me. Being of mixed blood and PROUD of it, I have this motto........ quoting Dr. Hook and the Medicine Show, a rock band back in the late 60's and early 70's (for some of you that isn't old enough to remember..hehehehe)... " I say just screw em all and crawl back in to bed and get my rocks off"....hehehehehehehehehehehehehehehehe Mike

I agree with you whole heartly Grandma Tsi Tsi -- we are all mixed one way or another. we are all of the human race just different cultures Connie in houston

slavery Master-slave legal relationships The master-slave relationship was the cornerstone of the law of slavery, and yet it was an area about which the law often said very little. In many societies the subordination of the slave to his owner was supposed to be complete; in general, the more complete an owner's control over his slave, the less the law was likely to say about it. A major touchstone of the nature of a slave society was whether or not the owner had the right to kill his slave. In most Neolithic and Bronze Age societies slaves had no such right, for slaves from ancient Egypt and the Eurasian steppes were buried alive or killed to accompany their deceased owners into the next world. Among the Northwest Coast Tlingit, slave owners killed their slaves in potlatches to demonstrate their contempt for property and wealth; they also killed old or unwanted slaves and threw their bodies into the Pacific Ocean. An owner could kill his slave with impunity in Homeric Greece, ancient India, the Roman Republic, Han China, Islamic countries, Anglo-Saxon England, medieval Russia, and many parts of the American South before 1830. That was not the case in other societies. The Hebrews, the Athenians, and the Romans under the principate restricted the right of slave owners to kill their human chattel. The Code of Justinian changed the definition of the slave from a thing to a person and prescribed the death penalty for an owner who killed his slave by torture, poison, or fire. Spanish law of the 1260s and 1270s denied owners the right to kill their slaves. Lithuanian and Muscovite law forbade the killing, maiming, or starving of a returned fugitive slave. Ch'ing Chinese law punished a master who killed his slave, and that punishment was more severe if the slave had done no wrong. The Aztecs under some circumstances put to death a slave owner who killed his slave. No society, on the other hand, had the slightest sympathy for the slave who killed his owner. Roman law even prescribed that all other slaves living under the same roof were to be put to death along with the slave who had committed the homicide. Assault and general brutality were other concerns of the law of slavery. In antiquity slaves often had the right to take refuge in a temple to escape cruel owners, but that sometimes afforded little protection. The ancient Franks and the Germans warned owners against cruelty. The Code of Justinian and the Spanish Siete Partidas deprived cruel owners of their slaves, and that tradition went into the Louisiana Black Code of 1806, which made cruel punishment of slaves a crime. In modern societies brutality and sadistic murder of slaves by their owners were rarely condoned on the grounds that such episodes demoralized other slaves and made them rebellious, but few slave owners were actually punished for maltreating their slaves. In the American South 10 codes prescribed forced sale to another owner or emancipation for maltreated slaves. Nevertheless, cases such as State v. Hoover (North Carolina, 1839) and State v. Jones (Alabama, 1843) were considered sensational because slave owners were punished for savagely "correcting" their slaves to death. It was not an axiom of the master-slave relationship that the former automatically had sexual access to the latter. That was indeed the case in most societies, ranging from the ancient Middle East, Athens, and Rome to Africa, all Islamic countries, and the American South. Places such as Muscovy, however, forbade owners to rape their female slaves, while the Chinese and the Lombards forbade the raping of married slave women. More problematic were sexual relations between mistresses and male slaves. Athens and Rome both put the slave to death, and Byzantine law prescribed that the mistress was to be executed and the slave to be burned alive. The Danish Virgin Islands' laws of 1741, 1755, and 1783, in an attempt to protect northern Europeans from African "contamination," prescribed a fine of 2,000 pounds of sugar for a man who raped a black slave, and a white woman who had sexual relations with a black slave was to be fined, imprisoned, and then deported. The labour and food regimes were central to almost every slave's life. In societies where the owner's control over his slave was total, such as the Roman Empire or the pre-1830 American South, the law said little or nothing about how long he could work him and whether his slave had a right to food and clothing. In South India the slave owner had an absolute right to whatever labour his slave was capable of rendering. In Muscovy, on the other hand, a slave owner was jailed for forcing his slaves to labour on Sunday. In Judea in 200 BC, in Sicily in 135-32 BC, and on the Nile in AD 46 regulations prescribed the food rations a slave could expect. The Lithuanian Statute of 1588 and the Russians in 1603 and 1649 decreed that slaves had a right to be fed. The Danish Virgin Islands in 1755 prescribed adequate food rations. The Alabama Slave Code of 1852 mandated that the owner had to provide slaves of working age a sufficiency of healthy food, clothing, attention during illness, and necessities in old age. Bright Star

slavery Slave occupations Throughout history the range of occupations held by slaves has been nearly as broad as that held by free persons, but it varied greatly from society to society. The actual range did not depend upon whether the slave lived in a slave-owning or a slave society, although the greatest restrictions appeared in the latter. (See employment.) To start at the top, the highest position slaves ever attained was that of slave minister, or ministerialis. Ministeriales existed in the Byzantine Empire, Merovingian France, 11th-century Germany during the Salian dynasty, medieval Muscovy, and throughout the Ottoman Empire. A few slaves even rose to be monarchs, such as the slaves who became sultans and founded dynasties in Islam. At a level lower than that of slave ministers were other slaves, such as those in the Roman Empire, the Central Asian Samanid domains, Ch'ing China, and elsewhere, who worked in government offices and administered provinces. Some of those slaves were government property, whereas others belonged to private individuals who employed them for government work. On a level similar to that of slaves working in government were the so-called temple slaves. They were employed by religious institutions in Babylonia, Rome, and elsewhere. Unless they were ultimately destined for sacrifice to the gods, temple slaves usually enjoyed a much easier life than other slaves. They served in occupations ranging from priestess to janitor. Slaves fought as soldiers and usually were considered of high status. In some societies military slaves belonged to private individuals, in others to the government. In 16th-century Muscovy, for example, cavalrymen purchased slaves who fought alongside them on horseback; in the later 17th century Muscovite slaves were relegated to guarding the baggage train. A special type of slave soldier was the Ottoman janissary. The Islamic Ottoman Turks confiscated Christian children (called "the tribute children"), took them to Istanbul, and raised them to be professional soldiers, or janissaries. Some janissaries served as members of the palace guard and became involved in the succession struggles of the Ottoman Empire. The Egyptian Mamluks were also professional soldiers of slave origin who rose to run the entire country. The African Hausa of Zaria and most Sudanic regimes included slaves in all ranks of the soldiery and command. The canoe crews of the West African coast were usually slaves. The British even had detachments of slave soldiers in the Caribbean. Societies that explicitly refused to employ slaves in combat, such as Athens in its fleet, Rome in its infantry legions, or the American South in the Civil War, were rare. They took such action because fighting was done by freemen, and it was feared that it would be necessary to free the slaves if they could fight. In fact, all of those slave societies occasionally resorted to using slave soldiers when their military situations became desperate. In many societies slaves were employed as estate managers or bailiffs. This was especially likely to be the case when it was deemed unfitting for freemen to take or give orders involving other freemen. Where such cultural taboos existed, managers were almost always either real outsiders (imported foreigners) or fictive outsiders (slaves). In Muscovy estate managers were a special category of slave, and they were the first whose registration with the central authorities was required. Still other high-status slaves worked as merchants. Before the invention of the corporation, using slaves was one way to expand the family firm. The practice seems to have begun in Babylonia and was perpetuated in Rome, Spain, the Islamic world, China, and Africa. Slaves were entrusted with large sums of money and were given charge of long-distance caravans. A few slaves in Muscovy were similarly employed in the Siberian fur trade. Other societies, particularly in the American South, forbade slaves to engage in commerce out of fear that they would sell stolen goods. In nearly all societies possessing slaves, some slaves were found in what might be termed urban occupations ranging from petty shopkeepers to craftsmen. In the Tredegar Iron Works of Richmond, Va., much of the labour force consisted of slaves. In the American South, ancient Rome, Muscovy, and many other societies, slaves worked as carpenters, tailors, and masons. In Bursa, Tur., some of the finest weaving ever done was by slave craftsmen, who often contracted to fulfill a certain amount of work in exchange for emancipation. The stereotype that slaves were careless and could only be trusted to do the crudest forms of manual labour was disproved countless times in societies that had different expectations and proper incentives. Only a small portion of slaves throughout history were fortunate enough to be employed in elite or prestige occupations. Most were assigned to strictly physical labour, sometimes the most degrading a society had to offer. Among the worst forms of slave employment were prostitution and occupations demanding hard physical labour. Mining, often conducted in dangerous conditions causing high death rates, seems to have been the worst. The silver mines at Laurium employed as many as 30,000 slaves, who contributed to the prosperity on which Athenian democracy was based. Slaves were also used in gold mining in Africa and in gold and silver mining in Latin America. Gold and coal mining employed (and killed) millions of state slaves of the Gulag in the Soviet Union between the 1920s and 1956. Slaves have been used on great construction projects such as military fortifications, roads, irrigation projects, and temples from Babylonian to Soviet times. Timber felling for lumber and firewood was another form of hard slave labour, as in the Gulag. Yet another form of brutal slave labour was rowing in the galleys, particularly those that belonged to the Ottoman Empire and sailed the Mediterranean. Tens of thousands of Slavs, victims of Crimean Tatar slave raids, first suffered a hellish existence in the Crimea itself and then ended their days rowing on Ottoman triremes Bright Star

marriage law the body of legal specifications and requirements and other laws that regulate the initiation, continuation, and validity of marriages. Marriage is, by definition, a legally sanctioned union between a man and a woman and is thus viewed as a contractual agreement subject to legal processes. A newly married couple undergoes a radical change in their legal status by the act of marriage. This change involves their assumption of certain rights and obligations to each other. In many societies, these obligations include living together in the same or nearby dwellings, the provision of domestic services such as child rearing, cooking, and housekeeping (usually on the part of the wife), and the provision of food, shelter, clothing, and other means of support (usually on the part of the husband). The rights of marriage include the shared ownership and inheritance of each other's property to varying degrees and, in monogamous marriages, the exclusive right to sexual intercourse with each other. These generalizations notwithstanding, every past or present society has had its own concept of marriage, and many have created marriage laws that reflect their particular cultural standards and expectations concerning the institution. Ancient Roman law recognized three forms of marriage. Confarreatio was marked by a highly solemnized ceremony involving numerous witnesses and animal sacrifice. It was usually reserved for patrician families. Coemptio, used by many plebeians, was effectively marriage by purchase, while usus, the most informal variety, was marriage simply by mutual consent and evidence of extended cohabitation. Roman law generally placed the woman in the "power" of her husband and on the same footing as children. Under Roman law no slave could contract marriage with either another slave or a free person, but the union of male and female slaves was recognized for various purposes. The canon law of the Catholic Church was the only law governing matrimonial relations between Christians in western Europe until the Reformation and still has considerable authority in some Roman Catholic countries. The church historically regarded marriage as a lifelong and sacred union that could only be dissolved by the death of one of the spouses. This exalted view of marriage envisaged the husband and wife as made of "one flesh" by the act of God, and marriage was thus transformed from a terminable civil contract under Roman law to a sacrament and a mystic union of souls and bodies never to be divided. In canon law the free and mutual consent of the parties was regarded as essential to marriage. Marriage was regarded as completed between baptized persons by consent and then consummation. Canon law held a marriage to be null and void in cases in which the parties were within prohibited degrees of close blood relationship (consanguinity and affinity). (See Roman Catholicism.) Marriage law as it developed in England specified the requisites of marriage as being the following: each party shall have attained a certain age; each shall be sexually competent and mentally capable; each shall be free to marry; each shall give his or her consent to marry; the parties shall be outside the prohibited degrees of blood relationship to each other (consanguinity and affinity); and the marriage ceremony shall conform with the statutory formalities. The marriage law of most western European nations and that of the United States (which is itself based on English marriage law) is the product of Roman Catholic canon law that has been greatly modified by the changed cultural and social conditions of modern industrialized and urbanized life. Modern marriage law regards marriage as a civil transaction and allows only monogamous unions. In general, the legal capacity of a person to marry is the same all over the Western world and is subject only to impediments such as consanguinity and affinity and, in some cases, restraints due to mental incapacity. The age limits for marriage, which formerly permitted 12-year-olds or even younger persons to marry, have been revised upward in most countries to between 15 and 21 years of age. Divorce is almost universally allowed, with restrictions on divorce undergoing gradual relaxation in Roman Catholic countries. In Russia only registered civil marriage is recognized. Monogamy is strictly enforced there, and marriage must be completely voluntary between the parties, who must be over 18 years of age. (See English law.) In Muslim countries of the Middle East, Asia, and North Africa, the prevailing Islamic law regards marriage as a contract for the "legalization of intercourse and the procreation of children." Marriage is purely a civil contract, the terms of which depend on the will of the consenting parties. It may be constituted without any ceremonial. The essential requirement of marriage is offer and acceptance, expressed at one meeting. Islamic law has historically permitted the practice of polygamy, but polygamy was waning in virtually all Muslim countries by the late 20th century. (See Shari'ah.) Polygamous marriages are still permitted under customary laws in many African nations, but there is a growing tendency toward monogamy. Many developing nations in Africa and elsewhere are markedly different from Western nations in that there is no uniform marriage law. The regulation of marital relations is based either on religion or on the customary laws of the territory. This leads to a diversity of laws within one territorial unit and often gives rise to complex problems in the case of tribal, ethnic, or religious intermarriage. In Japan polygamous marriage is prohibited, and age limits of 18 years for men and 16 years for women are specified before marriage can take place. Consanguinity to a close degree is prohibited, and all marriages must be registered in accordance with law. Polygamy is also forbidden in China. Formality in the marriage celebration has been dispensed with, but the civil marriage must be duly registered to be valid. (See Japanese law, Chinese law.) source info Encyc.Britta. 2000 Bright Star