Hi List, Just a reminder, for those who may want to be informed, tomorrow July 11th is Vera's birthday! Vera used to be on our list & is still currently a BLACK DUTCH AMERICA website member....... Vera's e-mail addy is: [email protected] You can send Vera an electronic birthday card by double-clicking here: <A HREF="http://www.bluemountain.com/index.html">Blue Mountain Arts' Electronic Greeting Cards</A> http://www.bluemountain.com/index.html Sincerely Turtle & Bright Star List Managers BLACK-DUTCH-AMERICA

In a message dated 7/10/00 12:43:21 PM Central Daylight Time, [email protected] writes: << The Dutch who established the first European settlement in Delaware at Lewes in 1631 were killed by Indians, and it was not until 1638 that a permanent settlement was planted--by Swedes at Fort Christina, now Wilmington; they reputedly erected America's first log cabins in this colony of New Sweden. The Dutch from New Amsterdam (New York) conquered the Swedes in 1655, and the English seized the colony from the Dutch in 1664. Thereafter, except for a brief Dutch reconquest in 1673, Delaware was administered as part of New York until 1682, when the Duke of York ceded it to William Penn, who wanted it so that his colony of Pennsylvania could have access to the ocean. Though Penn tried to unite the Delaware counties with Pennsylvania, both sides resented union. In 1704 he allowed Delaware an assembly of its own. Pennsylvania and Delaware shared an appointed governor until the Revolution. Only in 1776 did the name Delaware--deriving from Sir Thomas West, 12th Baron De La Warr, a governor of Virginia--become official, though it had been applied to the bay in 1610 and gradually thereafter to the adjoining land. >> Judgeing from what little French I had in school because I thought it was Pretty Lol, I would say you are on target, May Your Waters Run Gentle. Little Hawk.

Delaware Information about many aspects of Delaware may be found in Delaware Federal Writers' Project, Delaware: A Guide to the First State (1938, reissued 1973), also available in a new and revised edition by Jeanette Eckman (1955, reissued 1976); and in Delaware Today (monthly). DeLorme Mapping Company, Maryland, Delaware Atlas & Gazetteer (1993), focuses on topography. Tracey L. Bryant and Jonathan R. Pennock (eds.), The Delaware Estuary: Rediscovering a Forgotten Resource (1988), treats a major part of the state's ecology. Paul Dolan and James R. Soles, Government of Delaware (1976), is a useful introduction. H. Clay Reed and Marion Björnson Reed (comps.), A Bibliography of Delaware Through 1960 (1966), is supplemented by University of Delaware Library Reference Department, Bibliography of Delaware, 1960-1974 (1976). Overviews of state history are found in John A. Munroe, History of Delaware, 3rd ed. (1993); and Carol E. Hoffecker, Delaware: A Bicentennial History (1977). Specific periods are treated in C.A. Weslager, The Delaware Indians: A History (1972, reissued 1990), and The English on the Delaware: 1610-1682 (1967); John A. Munroe, Colonial Delaware: A History (1978), and Federalist Delaware, 1775-1815 (1954); William Henry Williams, Slavery and Freedom in Delaware, 1639-1865 (1996); Patience Essah, A House Divided: Slavery and Emancipation in Delaware, 1638-1865 (1996); Harold Bell Hancock, Delaware During the Civil War: A Political History (1961); and Bernard L. Herman, Architecture and Rural Life in Central Delaware, 1700-1900 (1987). Ongoing research is reported in Delaware History (quarterly). (J.A.Mu./Ed.) Bright Star

Civil War and aftermath The advent of the Civil War did not seriously tempt Delaware to secession. Delaware had been slave territory since its days as a Dutch colony, but the number of slaves had declined drastically, mainly through voluntary manumissions, from 8,900 in 1790 to 1,800 in 1860. More important was Delaware's economic bond with Pennsylvania and the North, strengthened by the river trade and the new railroad network. Though Unionist in sentiment, Delaware never voted for Lincoln, and the Reconstruction that followed the Civil War drove many voters to the Democratic Party in sympathy with the occupied South. By the end of the 19th century, however, economic realities had regained importance, and Delaware became firmly Republican and remained so until well into the Great Depression of the 1930s. Bright Star

Delaware Revolution and statehood During the Revolution, Delaware was invaded by a British army en route to Philadelphia and was constantly menaced by British ships. The event best remembered, however, is the spectacular ride (July 1-2, 1776) of Caesar Rodney from his home to Philadelphia to break a tie in the Delaware delegation and cast Delaware's vote for independence. The proudest boast of Delaware is that its speedy ratification of the Constitution, on Dec. 7, 1787, gave Delaware its right to be called "the first state." As national political parties arose, Delaware became a Federalist state, adhering to the party of Alexander Hamilton and John Adams well into the 1820s. In the next period Delaware became as fervently Whig as it had been Federalist. Bright Star

The Indians When the first Europeans arrived, the Delaware (or Lenni Lenape) Indians lived in northern and central Delaware and also along the river shore in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Their language was a version of the Algonquian tongue. Politically decentralized (each village ran its own affairs), they were a peaceful people, supporting themselves by farming, hunting, and fishing. The more warlike Minqua, or Susquehannock, living to the west, frequently attacked the Lenape. Several Algonquian-language tribes, such as the Nanticoke, Assateague, and Choptank, lived in southern Delaware. (See Delaware.) Bright Star

The colony The Dutch who established the first European settlement in Delaware at Lewes in 1631 were killed by Indians, and it was not until 1638 that a permanent settlement was planted--by Swedes at Fort Christina, now Wilmington; they reputedly erected America's first log cabins in this colony of New Sweden. The Dutch from New Amsterdam (New York) conquered the Swedes in 1655, and the English seized the colony from the Dutch in 1664. Thereafter, except for a brief Dutch reconquest in 1673, Delaware was administered as part of New York until 1682, when the Duke of York ceded it to William Penn, who wanted it so that his colony of Pennsylvania could have access to the ocean. Though Penn tried to unite the Delaware counties with Pennsylvania, both sides resented union. In 1704 he allowed Delaware an assembly of its own. Pennsylvania and Delaware shared an appointed governor until the Revolution. Only in 1776 did the name Delaware--deriving from Sir Thomas West, 12th Baron De La Warr, a governor of Virginia--become official, though it had been applied to the bay in 1610 and gradually thereafter to the adjoining land. Bright Star

<A HREF="http://www.loc.gov/library/">Click here: Using the Library of Congress: Collections & Services for Researchers, Libraries, and the Public</A > May Your Waters Run Gentle. Little Hawk.

WHO WERE THE BLACK DUTCH? WHO WERE THE BLACK DUTCH ? ? ? Your answers ran a spectrum from family tradition through encyclopedia citations, and because your findings may assist others who find this tradition in their family, here are some responses: DUTCH, according to Funk & Wagnalls Encyclopedia: — a term which originally referred to ANYTHING of GERMAN derivation thus High Dutch signified the High German language, and Low Dutch the Low German. In modern usage, however, the term Dutch may be CORRECTLY applied ONLY to the peoples and the language of the Netherlands. The phrase "Pennsylvania Dutch" referring to the speech and origin of the inhabitants of certain sections of Pennsylvania, dates from the time when DUTCH SIGNIFIED GERMAN. The War of Spanish Succession, 1704-1714 fought by Austria, England, the Netherlands and Prussia - against France and Spain, arose over disputes over the succession to the throne of Spain on the death of Charles II of Spain. Spanish soldiers married Dutch (Holland) girls, and their children. whose coloring was olive, with black hair were called "Black Dutch". Their Holland neighbors were fair skinned and blond. This explanation seems to have come down in several of your families who claim "Black Dutch" descent. Another reported that the WILHITES who were imported to VA by Gov. SPOTTSWOOD as part of the Germana Colony of Iron workers were "Black Dutch." They came from Alsace-Lorraine an area of contention between France and Germany. They had black hair, "china blue to purplish blue eyes", fair skin, and tall. "The Black Forest" was mentioned as their home. No doubt some of the German-speaking immigrants to the colonies WERE descendants of some of the darker races. How we may have warped the meaning of "Black Dutch" becomes apparent in both a newspaper article and a letter. At a time when it was not fashionable to have Indian blood, here is what might happen: "It used to be that if you had Indian blood in you and someone asked you what you were, you'd say 'Black Dutch' but now more and more of our people are coming out," said Morning Star, wife of Chief Neal McCormick, chief of the Eastern Creek Indian Nation. Another writer, descendant of a Creek Chief, wrote "the term Black Dutch is used to refer to one that has Indian Blood, and most particularly with CREEK INDIAN BLOOD. Although there were a few German/Swiss in the Creek Nation, they were in the minority. The term acutally does not refer be have any connection to this nationality. The Creeks preferred the Scotch, English or Irish in that order as far as marriage was concerned. There is no explanation as to why they preferred the Scotch." So you see the term used to distinguish and describe progeny of Hollander-Spanish marriages, was later the disquise used by Indian white descendants to cover their red heritage. We must hope that our "enlightened age" will see a renewed value placed on heritage, be it from red-white-or black. Originally printed in FAMILY PUZZLLERS - Mary Bondurant Warren, Editor July 22, 1976, No. 457. Permission to reprint on the Internet May Your Waters Run Gentle. Little Hawk.

Bright Star I find this site very interesting as you had sent out a url the other on witch I found a site that I could trace a name back to it's most likly origan and was abel to Find My Norris Grandmother was a Scandinavin Name, hmmmm May Your Waters Run Gentle. Little Hawk.

<A HREF="http://www.tngenweb.org/cherokee_by_blood/dutch.htm">Click here: http://www.tngenweb.org/cherokee_by_blood/dutch.htm</A> http://www.tngenweb.org/cherokee_by_blood/dutch.htm Bright Star

<A HREF="http://www.everton.com/FHN/26may99.htm">Click here: Q & A: Black Dutch</A> http://www.everton.com/FHN/26may99.htm Bright Star

<A HREF="http://www.genealogymagazine.com/datatrace/in.html">Click here: "In Search of the Black Dutch"</A> http://www.genealogymagazine.com/datatrace/in.html Bright Star

<A HREF="http://www.familytreemaker.com/_rnews_/scandinavia/messages/416.html">Cl ick here: Family Tree Maker's Genealogy Site: Message Boards: Scandinavia: Black Dutch</A> http://www.familytreemaker.com/_rnews_/scandinavia/messages/416.html Bright Star

<A HREF="http://www.genforum.genealogy.com/brown/messages/5779.html">Click here: Re: My Brown's in Ohio were Black Dutch</A> http://www.genforum.genealogy.com/brown/messages/5779.html Bright Star

<A HREF="http://search.aol.com/redirect.adp?appname=QBP&query=%3b%29%d8%4a%a9%ba% 5f%65%b8%fd%dc%cf%84%6b%a9%b1%05%b1%1b%36%1f%e8%83%4e%66%04%ce%6a%0c%9c%9b%e9% de%3c%a3%c6%83%57%1d%91%b2%58%ce%15%5b%66%16%07%f0%1c%88%67%d6%15%90%7c%9f%5c% a7%94%19%f5%04%20%0e%e4%1d%f6%75%5a%61%0d%15%1e%f6%b9%b1%a4%95%4b%d8%d0%43%a7% 9a%1f%29%e6%16%98%4b%42%ea%ea%69%d4%07%f2%44%15%35%b4%71%4c">Click here: Anderson and Barnett Genealogy</A> Anderson and Barnett Genealogy Genealogy, family history and photographs of Anderson, Barfield, Barnett, Crowder, Flowers, Groves, Hain, Lambert, Lee, Lester, McPeak, Price, Scheibly, Smith, Williams, and other surnames reaching back to the 1700's with an interactive family tree. http://members.aol.com/BGardeners/Page1.html YATES and WOOD and TAYLOR names here as well. Bright Star

<A HREF="http://www.members.home.net/wsadams/">Click here: Born Free</A> http://www.members.home.net/wsadams/ Bright Star

Subj: Fwd: [GRANNYS-NA-PANTRY] Check out A Positive Light - Code Talkers, America's Secret Weapon Date: 7/9/00 1:20:36 PM Central Daylight Time From: [email protected] To: [email protected] Please tell me what all the "%" means, I can't read them. and I can't get the site. What does it mean!! I didn't get this list to get "%" and that's it. Anne -------------------- Received: from mailsorter-101-2.iap.bryant.webtv.net (209.240.198.96) by storefull-241.iap.bryant.webtv.net with WTV-SMTP; Sun, 9 Jul 2000 10:56:36 -0700 (PDT) Return-Path: <[email protected]> Received: from lists5.rootsweb.com (lists5.rootsweb.com [63.92.80.123]) by mailsorter-101-2.iap.bryant.webtv.net (8.8.8-wtv-f/ms.dwm.v7+dul2) with ESMTP id KAA07994; Sun, 9 Jul 2000 10:56:34 -0700 (PDT) Received: (from [email protected]) by lists5.rootsweb.com (8.10.1/8.10.1) id e69HuGm07924; Sun, 9 Jul 2000 10:56:16 -0700 Resent-Date: Sun, 9 Jul 2000 10:56:16 -0700 X-Original-Sender: [email protected] Sun Jul 9 10:56:15 2000 From: [email protected] Message-ID: <[email protected]> Date: Sun, 9 Jul 2000 13:56:01 EDT Old-To: [email protected] MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="US-ASCII" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Mailer: AOL 5.0 for Windows sub 108 Subject: [GRANNYS-NA-PANTRY] Check out A Positive Light - Code Talkers, America's Secret Weapon Resent-Message-ID: <[email protected]> To: [email protected] Resent-From: [email protected] X-Mailing-List: <[email protected]> archive/latest/315 X-Loop: [email protected] Precedence: list Resent-Sender: [email protected] <A HREF="http://search.aol.com/redirect.adp?appname=QBP&query=%05%42%87%2a%b2%23% 86%69%30%5d%0a%b8%5f%42%ef%8a%7c%b5%a5%3d%c4%a9%da%0d%64%39%f9%0b%f4%eb%bd%ec% e2%64%e2%b8%f2%64%6f%06%40%1b%c1%c8%33%ff%36%30%97%68%82%22%65%99%e5%eb%c3%e3% c3%32%9b%72%92%3a%0e%57%70%e8%47%ba%83%fa%7e%9b%c0%ba%a8%50%82%67%af%a0%fb%05% 49%63%3e%6c%bb%82%4b%e8%5c%08%75%f1%97%cc%6f%ac%2b%6f%26%f3%90%0d%24%a0%61%cd% d7%1c">Click here: A Positive Light - Code Talkers, America's Secret Weapon</A > The government again used the Native Americans to their Bennifet, and its good that we could be of service at that time, I think that its time the Government gives back, May Your Waters Run Gentle. Little Hawk. May Your Waters Run Gentle. Little Hawk.

<A HREF="http://www.umsl.edu/~libweb/blackstudies/fampamp.htm">Click here: African-American Family History Research-Missouri</A> http://www.umsl.edu/~libweb/blackstudies/fampamp.htm Bright Star

<A HREF="http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/collections/african-american-women.html" >Click here: African-American Women - On-line Archival Exhibits at Duke University</A> http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/collections/african-american-women.html Bright Star