--part1_17.af2455.25b5ff63_boundary Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit --part1_17.af2455.25b5ff63_boundary Content-Type: message/rfc822 Content-Disposition: inline Return-Path: <killer@gulftel.com> Received: from rly-zd02.mx.aol.com (rly-zd02.mail.aol.com [172.31.33.226]) by air-zd04.mail.aol.com (v67.7) with ESMTP; Mon, 17 Jan 2000 21:57:20 1900 Received: from mail.gulftel.com ([216.231.160.20]) by rly-zd02.mx.aol.com (v67.7) with ESMTP; Mon, 17 Jan 2000 21:57:08 -0500 Received: from user ([208.226.46.113]) by mail.gulftel.com (Post.Office MTA v3.5.3 release 223 ID# 0-58681U15000L999S0V35) with SMTP id com for <MAGICKRN@aol.com>; Mon, 17 Jan 2000 20:59:19 -0600 Message-ID: <00f101bf615f$dd93c6a0$712ee2d0@user> From: "Gene R. Griffith" <killer@gulftel.com> To: <MAGICKRN@aol.com> References: <76.101fdef.25b512af@aol.com> Subject: Re: gingaskin Date: Mon, 17 Jan 2000 20:58:05 -0600 Organization: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 5.00.2314.1300 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V5.00.2314.1300 I am sorry to tell you but most of the, if not all of the Virginia Tribes do not get any Federal funds to help them at all for scholaships or any tribal use. Its true that some of them do get State grants some times to help in small ways but most of the funds they come by is from hard work and their church socials,Powwows and Homecomings. They also do get funds from the private sector in the form of contributions to the tribes. I know this for a fact because I am a Monacan Tribal Council member. Littlewolf ----- Original Message ----- From: <MAGICKRN@aol.com> To: <AMERIND-US-SE-L@cultures.rootsweb.com> Sent: Monday, January 17, 2000 6:49 PM Subject: gingaskin > A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE INDIAN TRIBES OF VIRGINIA > > When Europeans and Africans began arriving in what is now Virginia, they met > Indian people from three linguistic backgrounds. Most of the coastal plain > was inhabited by an Algonquian empire, today collectively known as Powhatan. > The southwestern coastal plain was occupied by Iroquoians, the Nottoway, and > Meherrin. The Piedmont was home to two Siouan confederacies, the Monacan and > the Mannahoac. The Virginia mountains, by 1600, were hunting territory to > many peoples and home to few. > > > Theodore DeBry engraving. > The first permanent European settlement, in 1607, was English. English > colonies were agricultural, having little of the French emphasis on trading > or the Spanish one on mining, militarism, and missionizing. The Virginia > Indians were therefore soon embroiled in a competition for space--one which > they lost gradually as more Englishmen and Africans came. Although there was > fighting at times, the Indians were not so much conquered militarily as they > were flooded out. > > > > > The process occurred first on the coastal plain, where by 1700 there were > only a handful of tiny Algonquian-speaking islands, and one Iroquoian group, > left in a sea of English-speakers. By 1790, only four Algonquian reservations > (Pamunkey, Mattaponi, Nansemond, and Gingaskin) and an Iroquoian one > (Nottoway) were left. Some of the tribes that lost reservations went on > living together nearby, becoming ancestors of the modern citizen tribes > (Chickahominy, Upper Mattaponi, and Rappahannock); others dispersed. In the > Piedmont, the Siouan tribes saw the handwriting on the wall and withdrew > southward, sometimes returning and then leaving again. Non-Indians poured > freely into their territory. After the Tuscarora War (1715-16), some Siouans > went north with the Tuscarora. Others drifted back into Virginia, less as > tribes than as families, and settled in the Piedmont and along the Blue > Ridge. The population of these groups was too small to maintain their > languages, even on the reservations. The native tongues of Virginia were > practically dead by 1800, none of them having been adequately recorded. The > Indians' traditional cultures changed slowly and without direct interference > (the Virginia English were not great missionizers), and by 1800 even the > reservation people were much Anglicized. > > Virginia was a slave state before the Civil War and a Jim Crow state after > it. Indian tribes were neither 'superior' whites nor 'subservient' blacks. > Their anomalous position therefore kept them under continual fire until the > Civil Rights Era. Everyone seemed to want them to disappear. In 1792 the > Nansemond sold their reservation. The Nottoway and Gingaskin reservations > were allotted and terminated soon after the Gingaskin being the first true > termination in the U.S. (1813). The Pamunkey/Mattaponi nearly lost their land > and tribal status in the 1840s. The 'citizen' Indians lay low for most of the > period. When anthropologists James Mooney and Frank Speck began working in > Virginia (1890s-1920s), some groups reconstituted themselves in a way that > was legal and hard for hostile non-Indians to obstruct: they organized as > chartered corporations (Chickahominy, Upper Mattaponi, and Rappahannock). > > > The two surviving reservations have always had recognition from the state, > though not the federal government since their treaty (dated 1677) is with the > Colony of Virginia. They feel little interest in federal recognition now that > they can get it. The incorporated 'citizen' tribes won through to state > recognition in 1983, inspiring the Nansemond families to organize and gain > recognition the next year. The Siouan-descended Amherst County Indians > followed suit, though more slowly, taking the name of some of their probable > ancestors, the Monacan. However, further advance to federal recognition is > problematic for the 'citizen' groups, due to the scarcity of records kept > about non-reservation Indians and the burning of many Virginia archives > during the Civil War. Meanwhile, all the groups benefit from the federal > funds for education and community development that are available today. They > are more prosperous now than they have been since the aliens came. > > > ==== AMERIND-US-SE Mailing List ==== > Explore the NEW NativeWeb > at: http://nativeweb.org/ > Free log on (and worth it) > > > --part1_17.af2455.25b5ff63_boundary--