I am hoping that someone can give me a brief primer on the mechanics of muster. I have two ancestors who were Sgts. for the Loyalists in Burke Co. NC who were assigned to recruitment. The entry indicated "muster; 1 Capt., 1 ensign, 2 Sgts., 3 corporals, and 33 privates." My question is how were these ranks and rates determined, who assigned them and was their pay commenserate with them? Were the Sgts. given a formula to follow and did they then select personal to fit the quota requirements?

To the list: The urls I sent concerning rank structure I'm sure may have separated in transition. What one needs to do is with the email received, is first, press the "forward" button, as if you were going to forward the email to another person. However, instead of forwarding it, go down and "connect" each of the urls which did not arrive connected, which will constitute them unaccessible (you won't be able to view the website which has the information I sent). After you have connected the urls, just tap each url so as to access/view them, and each website will then connect so you can read what the website has to offer. When you are finished viewing the information of each urls, go to the X at the right side of the email message (so as to close the whole message, which will be what you are doing) and then, original message will again reappear as it originally arrive (separated). Rhonda Houston

http://64.41.64.113/11thpa/links-t.html U. S. Army Institute of Heraldry The mission of the Institute of Heraldry is to furnish heraldic services to the armed forces and other United States government organizations, including the Executive Office of the President (has excellent info on the history of Army rank structure) http://www-perscom.army.mil/tagd/tioh/tioh.htm http://www-perscom.army.mil/tagd/tioh/Rank%20page/U.S.%20Army%20Rank%20Insig nia.htm (1) http://www-perscom.army.mil/tagd/tioh/Rank%20page/History%20of%20Enlisted%20 Rank.htm INSIGNIA OF RANK ENLISTED PERSONNEL BACKGROUND (2) http://www-perscom.army.mil/tagd/tioh/Rank%20page/Origin%20of%20Rank%20Offic ers.htm ORIGIN INSIGNIA OF RANK OFFICERS http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/documents/revwar/revra.htm RANGERS IN COLONIAL AND REVOLUTIONARY AMERICA The origin of the ranger tradition lies in the seventeenth century wars between colonists and Native American tribes. In the original concept rangers were full-time soldiers employed by the colonial governments to "range" between fixed frontier fortifications as a reconnaissance system to provide early warning of hostile raids. In offensive operations they became scouts and guides, locating targets (such as villages) for task forces drawn from the militia or other colonial troops. By 1675-1676 a new element appeared in the ranger concept. Benjamin Church (1639-1718) of Massachusetts developed a special full-time unit mixing white colonists selected for frontier skills with friendly Indians to carry out offensive strikes against hostile Indians in terrain where normal militia units were ineffective. In fact, his memoirs published in 1716 by a son are the first American military manual. The traditional ranger usage reached its peak during the French and Indian War. Robert Rogers of New Hampshire organized a corps of New England woodsmen as full-time Provincials directly under British military auspices and paid out of British funds. The companies supported British operations against French Canada on the New York and St. Lawrence River fronts. They occasionally operated with friendly Indians, but more commonly served the British as a substitute for traditional allies. Astute British commanders assigned regular British officers to Rogers' Rangers for training in wilderness warfare which they could then pass on to their normal regiments. Veterans of this corps played a major role in the Continental Army during the Revolution, including Major General Israel Putnam and Brigadier Generals John Stark and Moses Hazen. The tranditional ranger usage had only limited application during that later war. Various state governments did employ such units for local frontier security, but the Continental Army formed very few, in part because George Washington considered frontier security to be a local responsibility and focused national military forces on opposing regular British and German units in a formal battlefield context. Other than the regiments and separate companies of riflemen from Pennsylvania and the states to the south, who really functioned as light infantry rather than rangers, the Continental Army only formed two functional ranger units. Knowlton's Rangers, a provisional three-company unit of volunteers from Connecticut and Massachusetts line regiments under Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Knowlton, came into being during the late summer of 1776 at New York City. It performed excellently in a light infantry role at the battle of Harlem Heights on 16 September 1776, but Knowlton suffered a mortal wound. Two months later the remnants of the corps fell into British hands when Fort Washington surrendered. Captain Nathan Hale of this corps gained immortality as a brave but singularly inept spy. Whitcomb's Rangers started as a similar provisional unit on the Lake Champlain front in 1776. It gained permanent status as a two-company force on 15 October of that year and provided reconnaissance capability to the Northern Department until 1 January 1781 when it disbanded at Coos, New Hampshire, as part of a general reorganization of the Continental Army. Most of Whitcomb's men came from New Hampshire and the Hampshire Grants (now Vermont). Other units in the Continental Army either used the term ranger in their designation or were commonly called rangers, but did not serve in that capacity in the traditional sense. South Carolina and Georgia each raised mounted ranger units in 1775-1776, but when they became part of the Continental Army during the summer of 1776 they transformed into mounted infantry. In fact over the period of several years the 3d South Carolina Regiment gradually evolved into a line infantry regiment. When Washington authorized Gist's Additional Continental Regiment in 1777 he intended to man it with a mixture of Caucasian southern frontiersmen and members of the Cherokee and related tribes. Washington wanted to use it as a vehicle for insuring tribal support--its Native American members would become hostages for the good behavior of the rest of the tribe--as well as a combat element. The regiment never recruited the Indian component, and changes in British operations led to the transformation of the white elements into normal infantry. Contrary to myth, the light troops in the Continental Army overwhelmingly followed European doctrinal concepts. The four regiments of light dragoons raised in 1777 as a reconnaissance force derived from European developments in light cavalry during the eighteenth century. Only during a brief period in the winter of 1777-1778 did the Continental Army experiment with the idea of employing them as a shock force. Light infantry companies added to the regimental organization of each Continental Army infantry regiment in 1778 also had European roots. The American leadership stressed the ideas of Maurice, comte de Saxe and the comte de Guibert, two leading French military theorists, which advocated cross-training every soldier to perform both line or light infantry roles to allow mission flexibility. Light companies normally assembled into provisional battalions at the start of each year's campaign and acted as a special strike force in traditional battlefield roles, not as a reconnaissance element. The Continental Army's other light troops sprang from a relatively new European concept not the native American ranger tradition. During the Seven Years' War most European armies developed partisan corps (also called frei korps). Originally fielded by the French to counter Austrian irregulars recruited in the Balkans, they filled a unique niche by providing deep security around an army in the field or carried out raids behind enemy lines. The Continental Army authorized several of these formations in 1777 and 1778, primarily as a vehicle to employ European volunteers who could not be inserted into existing regiments without provoking major arguments over rank, or because of language barriers. "Light Horse Harry" Lee of Virginia (the father of Robert E. Lee) raised the only American-born unit under this concept. Each partisan unit in the Continental Army, however, had a unique organizational structure. The 1781 reorganization of the Continental resolved the issue of light troops by bringing greater centralized control. The light infantry companies continued under their existing practice of forming provisional battalions for each campaign season. The four regiments of light dragoons transformed into combined arms Legionary Corps composed of four mounted and two dismounted troops; the various partisan elements consolidated into two Partisan Corps, each with three mounted and three dismounted troops. The structure of the legionary corps focused on providing close reconnaissance and security patrols for a field army although various operational and manpower problems hampered most of the regiments from achieving complete success. Only Elisha Sheldon's 2d Legionary Corps (a Connecticut unit serving in 1781 in the West Point-Westchester County zone) fully exploited the possibilities of the combined arms structure. The two dismounted troops armed and equipped as light infantry provided a defensive element to protect the camp from enemy surprise attack, and also provided a base of fire around which the mounted elements could maneuver. They also became very adept at employing the mounted troops in a raid designed to provoke a British pursuit which would end with a classic "L-shaped" ambush. The 1st Partisan Corps under the Frenchman "Colonel Armand" (the marquis de la Rouerie) and the 2d under Lee both drew assignments in Major General Nathanael Greene's Southern Department. Armand's remained a shell during 1781, but Lee had great success in the Carolinas carrying out those specific missions for which the 3-3 mix of mounted and dismounted troops had been designed. In formal battles it provided unblemished flank security, but it was even better in rear battle by conducting deep raids against British logistical bases. Lee particularly shined when his regulars stiffened the irregular local forces of leaders like Francis ("Swamp Fox") Marion. The mix of mounted and dismounted men gave it somewhat greater staying power in independent firefights while also allowing rapid forced marches (each light infantryman held on to a dragoon's stirrups). None of the light units employed by the Continental Army carried out a training role as Rogers' Rangers had during the French and Indian War. In fact, Major General Friedrich von Steuben wrote a separate drill manual for them in late 1780. He and Washington intended it to be the companion to the famous "Blue Book", but operational factors prevented its publication and distribution. Rhonda Houston

--=======12C521C======= Content-Type: text/plain; x-avg-checked=avg-ok-4EEF701D; charset=us-ascii; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit >>My new E-mail address is: fdy@comcast.net Until 28 Feb. my old >>and new address will work. >>Thanks >>Faye --=======12C521C======= Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii; x-avg=cert; x-avg-checked=avg-ok-4EEF701D Content-Disposition: inline --- Outgoing mail is certified Virus Free. Checked by AVG anti-virus system (http://www.grisoft.com). Version: 6.0.323 / Virus Database: 180 - Release Date: 02/08/2002 --=======12C521C=======--

Glossary of Eighteenth-Century Military Terms Abatis: A roadblock or defensive barrier that was made of felled trees piled on top one another, with the branches sharpened pointing toward the oncoming or expected enemy. Banquette: A kind of step made on the rampart of a work near the parapet, for troops to stand upon in order to fire over the parapet. Barbette: A wooden or earthen platform inside a fortification, on which the cannon were placed in order to allow them to shoot over the rampart. Bar Shot: An artillery projectile consisting of a metal bar with a solid half-sphere at each end. Battalion: A body of foot soldiers, subdivided into companies, sometimes identical with a regiment. Bastion: A strongpoint of projecting masonry work in the perimeter of a fortress, usually V-shaped, angled out beyond the main line of the walls of a fortress. From it, attackers along the curtain could be cross-fired upon. Battery: A protected position designed as a firing place for one or more pieces of artillery. The term may also refer to the pieces in such a position, such as ( "west battery"or "forward battery"), or by the organization of soldiers who man them ("Battery A"). Berme: The ledge in a fortifacation between the ditch and the base of the parapet. Blockhouse: A thick-walled building usually constructed of logs, with loopholes for muskets, designed as a center for defense. Bomb or Shell: An explosive projectile made of cast iron, detonated in flight or after penetrating the target by means of a fuse. Brigade: A military force consisting of two or more regiments. Camp Followers: A civilian, often a woman, who accompanies an army and performs various services for the troops. Canister: A canvas or cloth bag filled with small round lead or iron pellets and crammed into a cannon on top of a charge of gunpowder. It would not carry as far as solid shot, but it was deadly at close range. Carcass: A small metal can punched with holes and filled with oiled rags that were set ablaze when the carcass was shot from a cannon. The purpose, was to cause a ship, a building or a whole town to catch fire. Cartridge: a prepared package, cylindrical in shape, containing both the propelling charge and the projectile of the gun. Casemate: A chamber built within the walls of a fort. Casemates can house barracks, guardhouse, and other administrative functions that otherwise would require separate buildings. Casemates also furnish positions from which cannon and small arms can be fired at an attacker through ports or embrasures in the walls. Case Shot: An artillery projectile consisting of a cylindrical tin container holding many balls. When fired, the canister burst and the balls continued toward the target in a spreading fashion. An other name for canister. Cassette: a work made under the rampart, like a cellar or cave with loopholes, to place guns in. Chain Shot: An artillery projectile consisting of two iron balls of half-balls connected with a short length of chain. Chamade: A drum beating played when a besieged commander wished to discuss terms. Chvaux-de-Frise: A crisscross of heavy timbers, usually tipped with steel spikes, calculated to stop infantry. Sometimes this was also used under water to stop ships. Cohorn: A small stubby howitzer. Counterscarp: The outer wall or slope of the ditch surrounding a fort. The inner wall was the scarp. Covered Way: The Covert or close way, left above the ditch next to the open field. Curtain: The wall of a fortification between bastions, towers, or other crossfire projections. Demilune: Half-moon-shaped outworks, smaller than a Lunette. Double Sap: a trench with a parapet on both sides instead of on just the side facing the besieged fortress. Dry Ditch or Dry Mote: A ditch that surrounds the walls of a fort, hindering any attacker and giving an open area into which guns of the fort may fire. Embrasure: An small opening in a "parapet"or wall through which weapons may be fired. Enfilade: To fire into a formation of troops from a position approximately on the extension of its principle axis. Ensign: The most junior officer in a company of infantry. Traditionally the ensign carried the colors in battle. Epaultement: The "shoulder" of a fort wall; the place where the CURTAIN and BASTION meet. Exterior Slope: An inclined surface or bank constructed on the outside of a fortifacation. Facines: Bundles of tightly bound twigs and sticks hastily assembled and tied together. They were used for constructing gun platforms and , even more, for filling ditches to permit the passage of military vehicles. Field Piece: A piece of artillery mounted on a wheeled carriage for use in the field. Flèche: A small defensive ditch, unroofed, in the shape of an arrowhead, the point toward the expected enemy. It was an outwork, a deterrent, a stopgap, not a real fortlet. Forlorn Hope: A body of troops, sometimes volunteers, assigned the mission of leading an attack. Fraise: The horizontal or down-sloping palisade round the berme. Frigate: A type of warship developed in the eighteenth century, mounting from approximately twenty to as many as fifty guns, mostly 6, 9, and 12-pounders. Fusil: A type of light flintlock musket. Gabions: Wicker-work baskets or forms, without top or bottom. They were made of any material, (wicker was preferred), and filled with earth and stones. Clumsy, heavy things, they were used for shoring up parapets, filling ditches, and protecting field guns. They were the eighteenth century equivalent of sandbags. Glacis: The parapet of the covered way extended in a long slope to meet the natural surface of the ground, so that every part of it could be swept by fire from the ramparts. Grape or Grapeshot: Similar to CANISTER except that the balls were smaller and there were more of them. Grenade: A small, hand-thrown iron bomb detonated by means of a fuse. Grenadier: A soldier specially trained and equipped for throwing grenades. One company of grenadiers generally was included in every British regiment, and in battle was stationed on one of the flanks. Grenadiers, "the tallest and briskest Fellows" in the regiment, could be identified by their mitre-style headgear which lacking a brim, did not interfere with their hurling. Hornwork: An outwork consisting of two demi-bastions joined by a curtain. Howitzer: A small cannon sharply uptilted, used, mostly in mountain warfare, to lob shells or balls into a protected position. Jacobite boat: An open gunboat armed with a single heavy cannon. Lunette: A lunette is a V-shaped defensive structure pointing outward. It is a part of the outer works of a fort. Magazine: The structure where arms, kegs of gunpowder, provisions and in later years more sophisticated munitions, were stored. Matross: A sort of assistant artilleryman who helped to handle a fieldpiece in action. Merlin: A part of a parapet used to provide cover for a battery of artillery. Mess: A small group of soldiers in which each man takes his turn of cooking. Mortar: An extremely short-barreled, large-calibered piece of artillery, usually mounted on a heavy oaken base, so trunnioned that it can shoot very high. Used to hurl shells along a high trajectory and down into fortified positions. Musket: A smooth-bore flintlock shoulder gun. Outwork: A fortified position located outside or in advance of a main fortifacation. Palisade: In wooded country, a defensive wall or barrier consisting of sharpened logs set upright and close together in the ground forming an enclosure or defense. The logs may be vertical or may project horizontally from the earthworks. Also know as a stockade. Parallel: In siege operation, a trench or system of trenches dug by the besieging army roughly parallel to the enemy's ramparts as a line from which to begin a further advance. Parapet: The wall of a fortification or a defense of earth or stone built to conceal and protect troops. Picket: A small party of foot soldiers sent forth in advance of the army to feel out the enemy and harass him if he approaches. Pickets: Timbers with one end placed in the ground, the other end sharpened, used to slow the advance of infantry. Pierrier or Perrier (referred to by English as a "paterero"): An archaic iron breech-loading swivel gun, it could fire a small ball or a handful of shot. They were very common at frontier posts in New France. Pioneer: A civilian or soldier employed in laboring on roads or fortifications. Quoin: A wooden wedge inserted beneath the breech of a cannon to control the elevation of the muzzle. Rampart: The principal outer wall of a fortress, usually consisting of a broad, steep-sided embankment. Ravelin: This was a small earthwork, an outwork with only two faces, sometimes like a Flèche. Redan: The same as a Ravelin, though somewhat smaller. Redoubt: This was larger and stronger. It might be a square or some other multiangled shape, but it was always completely enclosed, never open at one end. Revetment: A retaining wall of wood or masonry supporting the face of an earthwork (earthen rampart) on the side of the ditch. Royal: A small mortar firing a shell of 51/2 inches in diameter. Sallyport: A gate through which soldiers can sally forth to counter attack the enemy. In larger forts, it usually includes a tunnel through the walls. Saucissons: Facines much larger than the common ones, used particulary to raise batteries and repair breeches in walls. Sentry Box: also called guérite or échauguette. Scarp: The steep bank immediately in front of and below the rampart. Ship of the Line: A warship mounting from fifty guns (fourth-rate ship) to as many as 100 guns (first-rate ship), sufficiently powerful to fight in the line of battle. Spontoon: A sort of halberd or pike carried by sergeants. Sutler: A civilian storekeeper who accompanies an army and sells liquor, provisions, and other supplies to the troops. Stockade: A barricade for entrenchments and redoubts, usually made of timber, often furnished with loopholes for musket fire. Same as Palisade. Tenaille: A small, low fortification, sometimes with only one entrance, sometimes with two, occasionally roofed, placed for annoyance, purposes outside the CURTAIN between the two BASTIONS. Terreplein: The surface of the rampart behind the parapet, where guns (cannon) are mounted. Toises: archaic French fathoms or six French feet.(76.71 inches) Tomahawk: A type of small hatchet used as a weapon. Troop: A company of mounted soldiers or cavalry. Terre-plein: In a fortifacation, the top platform, or horizontal surface of the rampart, where the cannon are placed, as well as the soldiers that defend the fort. Up in the Air: An unprotected flank was said to have been left "up in the air"

Hi, I am looking for the definition and/or the description of this rank held by an American Rev War Soldier. Thanks for your help, Jan

Hi Doloras, A non-associator in Pa. was someone who didn't serve in the revolution but rather paid a fine rather than serve. The fine was used to pay someone else to serve for them. Non-associators were ususally members of a peach church, Quakers if they were English, Mennonite or Church of the Brethren if they were German. Quakers were disowned if they served but sometimes Mennonites and Church of the Brethren (Dunkard) would serve later. A big factor in their decision as to serve or not serve depended on their Bishop and his attitude toward war. I know in Conestoga Township, Lancaster County there was a lot of resistance to serving until the Mennonite bishops decided to take a less stern approach. For more information on serving in the Revolution in Pa. see the web page of the Conestoga Area Historical Society at http://www.rootsweb.com/~pacahs/index.htm follow the menus to the article on Background information on Serving in the Revolution. Jim Doloras B. Bergmark wrote: > > I am researching Christian William Fritz (Fritts, Fretz) who was a Non > associator of New Hanover township, Philadelphia County, PA. > What is a non associator? > Where would they have fought? > Thank you > > Doloras B. Bergmark > dorordon@infi.net > > ==== AMERICAN-REVOLUTION Mailing List ==== > > ============================== > To join Ancestry.com and access our 1.2 billion online genealogy records, go to: > http://www.ancestry.com/rd/redir.asp?targetid=571&sourceid=1237 -- =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=- Conestoga Area Historical Society Web Page =-= Stokes Family Web Page http://www.rootsweb.com/~pacahs/index.htm =-= http://home.supernet.com/~jlstokes =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-

Ed St.Germain just sent a wonderful email about "Associations" and for fun I placed within my search engine "Philadelphia Brigade of Militia" and here is what came up from this entry. It's full of some things I've never seen and thought you all would enjoy viewing them also. Rhonda Houston http://www.revwar75.com/crown/chrono.htm Crown Forces Orderly Books - Chronological fro 1764 http://carlisle-www.army.mil/usamhi/Bibliographies/ReferenceBibliographies/N atio Army National Guard - A Selected Bibliography of HMI Sources http://sunsite.sut.ac.jp/pub/academic/history/marshall/military/mil_hist_ins t/n/natgd.asc USAMHI Natl Guard RefBranch ARMY NATIONAL GUARD A Working Bibliography http://foclark.tripod.com/revwar/cp15.html Correspondence of Marion and Greene -- Anecdote of Colonel Snipes --Marion takes Georgetown -- Attempt of Sumter and Marion on Col. Coates -- Battle of Quinby Bridge - . TO FIGHT THE ENEMY BRAVELY WITH THE PROSPECT OF VICTORY, IS NOTHING; BUT TO FIGHT WITH INTREPIDITY UNDER THE CONSTANT IMPRESSION OF DEFEAT, AND INSPIRE IRREGULAR TROOPS TO DO IT, IS A TALENT PECULIAR TO YOURSELF. http://www.wellsclan.com/History/generatn/RevWar.htm PENNSYLVANIA IN THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION, Battalions and Line 1775-1783. http://www.revwar75.com/crown/chrono.htm Crown Forces Orderly Books - Chronological http://patriot.net/~tpost/nourish.html To Nourish His Majesty's Troops: The Mess, Kitchen and Provisions of the Common British Soldier During the American War for Independence References: General Orders, America: WO 36/1, Public Record Office (PRO). Kemble's Orderly Book: Collections of the New York Historical Society, 1883. 40th Foot Orderly Book: George Washington Papers, Library of Congress. Brigade of Guards Orderly Books: "Receipt Books and Guards Orderly Book" from Lt. Col. Sir John Wrottesley's Company, Guards Detachment in America. Newbold-Irvine Papers, General William Irvine Box 5, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and "Orderly Book: Brigade of Guards. Commencing 29th January 1778." Library of Congress, Presidential Papers Microfilm, George Washington Papers Series 6 B, Volume 4, Reel 118. 17th Foot Orderly Book: Orderly Book of Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Mawhood, 17th Regiment of Foot, October 11 - December 28, 1776. New York Historical Society manuscripts. General Orders, Rhode Island: WO 36/2, PRO. 43d Foot Orderly Book: Manuscript 42449 and 42450, British Museum. Notes "Receipt Books and Guards Orderly Book" from Lt. Col. Sir John Wrottesley's Company, Guards Detachment in America. Newbold-Irvine Papers, General William Irvine Box 5, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Frey, Sylvia R. The British Soldier in North America. Austin, TX, 1981, p. 30. WO 36/1, op. cit., entry for 21 November 1774. WO 34/4 p. 50 and 51, PRO. WO 34/232 p. 368, PRO. Calver, William P. and Bolton, Reginald P. History Written with a Pick and Shovel, New York, 1950. Grimm, Jacob L. Archaeological Investigation of Fort Ligonier, Pittsburgh, 1970. Letter, Barrington to Major General Preston, 27 January 1775. WO4/93, PRO. Artifact in the collection of J. Craig Nannos. Lochée, Lewis. An Essay on Castrametation, London: T. Cadell, 1778. Grose, Francis. Military Antiquities respecting a History of The English Army, from the Conquest to the Present Time. London, 1788. Cuthbertson, Bennett. A System for the Compleat Interior Management and ‘conomy of a Battalion of Infantry. Dublin, 1768. Johnson, Samuel. A Dictionary of the English Language, London, 1755. See ""Properly fixed upon the Men...": Linen Bags for Camp Kettles", Brigade Dispatch Vol. 27 No. 3). Boyle, Joseph Lee, ed. From Redcoat to Rebel: The Thomas Sullivan Journal, Heritage Books, Bowie, MD, 1997. Diary of Frederick Mackenzie, Cambridge, MA, 1930, entry for 25 December 1778, in Rhode Island. "Proceedings of a Board of General Officers," Collections of the New York Historical Society, 1916. John Robert Shaw, An Autobiography of Thirty Years, 1777-1807, Oressa M. Teagarden, ed., Ohio University Press, Athens, 1992. Howe's Orderly Book, July-October 1776, Morristown National Historical Park. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- http://www.rootsweb.com/~canmil/uel/pwar.htm The Canadian Military Heritage Project American Revolution http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/RevWar/ss/ss-fm.htm http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/RevWar/ss/fitzsimons.htm THOMAS FITZSIMONS of Pennsylvania The Soldier (and of course there's MORE which you might like to take the time to read) Pennsylvania's Quaker pacifist traditions had resulted in a unique military situation on the eve of the Revolution. Lacking a militia, the local Patriots had to organize a military force from the ground up by forming volunteer units, called Associators. Thanks to his wealth and wide-ranging connections in the community, Fitzsimons contributed significantly to this speedy mobilization. When Philadelphia's contingent of infantry (today's 111th Infantry, Pennsylvania Army National Guard) was organized, Fitzsimons, as a captain, raised and commanded a company in Colonel John Cadwalader's 3d Battalion. http://georgiarefugees.tripod.com/BlankPage1.htm GEORGIA MILITIA & CONTINENTAL REGIMENTS OF INFANTRY — A SELECTED HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF MILITARY ACTIONS & GENERAL EVENTS IN THE COLONY AND STATE OF GEORGIA, 1775 to1783, WITH VARIOUS NOTATIONS AND ITEMS OF INTEREST http://www.rootsweb.com/~scnewber/revwar/ Revolutionary War In Newberry County SC http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rlist/rlist.htm a list of all known Loyalist regiments that served in the American Revolution between 1775 and 1784. http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/paloyal/pal4hist.htm The history of the Provincial Corps of Pennsylvania Loyalists is presented in 7 parts. http://www.royalprovincial.com/military/rhist/njv/2njvhist.htm History of the 2nd Battalion, New Jersey Volunteers http://members.aol.com/liv18thc/selinhistory.html#I Information that has been gathered on Capt. Anthony Selin dealing with his military career and how it pertains to our recreation of his Revolutionary War Rifle Company. Bibliography 1.) Byrne, Thomas E., A Bicentennial Rememberance of the Sullivan-Clinton Expedition 1779 in Pennsylvania and New York, Elmira, 1979. 2.) Conover, George S., Ed., Journals of the Miliary Expedition of Major General John Sullivan against the Six Nations of Indians in 1779 with Records of Centennial Celebrations, Auburn: Knapp, Peck & Thompson, 1887. 3.) Dunkkelberger, George F., The Story of Snyder County, Snyder County Historical Society, Selinsgrove, Pa., 1948. 4.) Everest, Allan S., Moses Hazen and the Canadian Refugees in the American Revolution, Syracuse, N.Y., Syracuse University Press, 1976. 5.) Fischer, Joseph R., A Well-Executed Failure, The Sullivan Campaign against the Irouquois, July-September 1779, University of South Carolina Press, 1997. 6.) History of Susquehanna and Juniata Valleys (Counties of Mifflin, Juniata, Perry, Union, and Snyder) Vol. 1. 7.) Huddleston, Joe D., Colonial Riflemen in the American Revolution, George Shumway, Pub., York, Pa., 1978. 8.) Lauber, Almon W., Ed., Orderly Books of the Fourth New York Regiment, 1778- 1780, The Second New York Regiment, 1780-83 by Samuel Talmadge and Others with Diaries of Samuel Tallmadge, 1780-1782, and John Barr, 1779-1782, Albany, The University of the State of New York, 1932. 9.) Montgomery, Thomas Lynch, Ed., Pennsylvania Archives, 2nd Series, Vol. XI, Harrisburg, Pa., 1906. 10.) Murray, Louise Welles, Notes From Collections of Tioga Point Museum on the Sullivan Expedition of 1779 and its Centennial Celebration of 1879 including Order Book of General Sullivan Never before Published, Athens, Pa., 1929(reissued 1975 by Tioga Point Museum). 11.) Pennsylvania Archives, 5th Series, Vol. 3. 12.) Pennsylvania Archives, 6th Series, Vol. XIV, (1907). 13.) Pennsylvania Archives/ 1779. 14.) Pennsylvania Archives/ 1780. 15.) Peterson, Harold L. The Book of the Continental Soldier, Harrisburg, Pa., 1968. 16.) Public Papers of George Clinton, First Governor of New York, Albany, James B.Lyon, 1901. 17.) Schnure, William M., Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania Chronology, Vol. 1, 1700-1850, 1918. 18.) Schnure, William M., Selinsgrove and its Historic Heritage given by its founder Anthony Selin, The Snyder Co. Historical Society Bulletin, Vol. IV, No. 14, 1962. 19.) Selinsgrove's Centennial Souvenir Book,(1853-1953), Aug. 20-23, 1953. 20.) Snyder County Pennsylvania, From Pioneer Days to the Present. 21.) Sullivan, John, Letters and Papes of Major-General John Sullivan, Continental Army. Ed. by Otis G. Hammond (Collections of the New Hampshire HistoricalSociety, Vols. 13-15) Concord, N.H., New Hampshire Historical Society, 1930-1939, 3 vols. 22.) Wright, Albert Hazen, New York Historical Source Studies: The Sullivan Expedition of 1779: The Regimental Roster of Men, (Studies in History No. 34) Ithaca: Published by the author, 1965. 23.) Wright, Albert Hazen, The A.H. Wright Papers, Collection No./ Call No.14/26/1382, 1692, Carl A. Kroch Library, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. 24.) United States Army Archives,(Wright, Continental Army). ©Copyright 1999 Steve Collward http://www.rootsquest.com/public/export.txt And for almost every war there is a url for every state in the Union.

I am researching Christian William Fritz (Fritts, Fretz) who was a Non associator of New Hanover township, Philadelphia County, PA. What is a non associator? Where would they have fought? Thank you Doloras B. Bergmark dorordon@infi.net

A non-Associator is someone who refused to sign an Association. He might be Patriot or Loyalist, and may or may not have fought. Various "associations" of Loyalists as well as of Patriots were created during the pre-Revolutionary period as a means of organizing and testing political strength. Members were known as "associators." The Virginia Association was adopted 18 May '69 as a NON IMPORTATION agreement banning British goods on which a duty was charged (except paper), slaves (after 1 NOV.), and many European luxuries. A Maryland provisional convention on 22 June drew up a similar association, but added a provision for boycotting those who would not make a similar compact. Other colonies and individual port towns followed suit. The Continental Association ("The Association"), signed by the first Cont'l. Congress 20 Oct. '74, was modeled after the Virginia Association. After expressing loyalty and enumerating grievances, the document states: "To obtain redress of these grievances, which threaten destruction to the lives, liberty, and property of his majesty's subjects, in North-America, we are of opinion, that a non-importation, non-consumption, and non-exportation agreement, faithfully adhered to, will prove the most speedy, effectual, and peaceable measure:..." (Commager, Docs., 85) Non importation was to be effective I Dec. '74, and nonexportation on 10 Sept. '75. The document included provisions for enforcement by committees of correspondence, discontinuation of the slave trade, development of American agriculture and industry, and called for austerity. By April the Association was operating in 12 colonies; Georgia adopted a modified version 23 Jan. '75. Evidence of its effectiveness is the decrease of over 90 per cent in the value of English imports by the American colonies between 1774 and 1775. Desperate English merchants put pressure on the government for reconciliation with the colonies; they were worried not only by the decline in business but also by the fact that if war broke out they would never collect the large sums owed them by American planters. "There was more to the Association than met the eye," points out Montross; it was actually "the crude political forerunner of the Confederation and the Constitution." (Montross, Reluctant Rebels, 58 ) Commager quotes the historian R. Hildreth as saying, "The signature of the Association may be considered as the commencement of the American Union." Other associations of a different nature began to be organized in early 1775. Unlike those created for commercial retaliation, these promoted armed opposition to England. "In these associations the spirit of war appears for the first time " (Van Tyne, Loyalists, 75-76) Certain "associations" were military rather than political. Among these were the "Philadelphia Associators" who reinforced Washington in the dark days of Dec. 76. According to The Army Lineage Book, Volume 11: Infantry (Washington, 1953) this militia organization was constituted 7 Dec. '47 by official recognition of The Associators, who had been founded 21 Nov. '47 in Philadelphia by Benj. Franklin. Organized 29 Dec. '47 as the "Associated Regiment of Foot of Philadelphia," they were reorganized in 1775 as the "Associators of the City & Liberties of Philadelphia," with five battalions. In 1777 they were reorganized as the "Philadelphia Brigade of Militia" under command of John Cadwalader. On 11 Apr. '93 they were again reorganized as volunteer infantry elements of the 1st Brig., 1st Div., Pa. militia. The modern 11 th Inf. Regt. of the Pa. National Guard traces its lineage to the Associators. (Op. cit., 307) -- For Revolutionary War information on the Internet, your first choice should be AMERICANREVOLUTION.ORG

Subject: Westford, MA at the Battle of Bunker Hill Source: History of the Town of Westford in the County of Middlesex, Massachusetts 1659 - 1883. by Rev. Edwin R. Hodgman, A. M. Lowell, Mass: Morning Mail Company, Printers - 1883 p.110 The Battle of Bunker Hill In this battle, as well as in the struggle at Concord Bridge, Colonel Robinson participated. He was then in Prescott's Regiment, which occupied the redoubt. A tall man, of commanding presence, he stood in the front, "in shape and gesture proudly eminent," exposed to instant death, yet doing his duty; now leaping upon the parapet, a target for the advancing foe, and now reconnoitering, with the ill fated McClary, the position of the enemy to find the best way of repelling his per- sistent attacks; showing himself everywhere the efficient officer and the strong-hearted man. In the list of companies in this battle, there is given one of which Joshua Parker was captain, Amaziah Fassett, first lieutenant, and Thomas Rogers, second lieutenant. Parker and Rogers were from Westford, and Fassett was born here, but was then a resident of Groton. Parker was a sergeant in Captain Underwood's Company, and Rogers held the same rank in Captain Bate's Company, at Concord Bridge. Fassett was taken prisoner at Bunker Hill and died in Boston July, 1775. The following is the muster-roll of Captain Parker's Company, including only the names of Westford men. They were in Col. William Prescott's Regiment: Captain Joshua Parker. Date of Enlistment 1775 April 12 Second Lieutenant, Thomas Rogers April 19 Sergeant, Solomon Spalding April 19 Sergeant, Nehemiah Green April 19 Sergeant, Silas Proctor April 19 Sergeant, Jonathan Minott April 19 Corporal, Peter Brown April 19 Corporal, Obadiah Perry April 20 Corporal, Levi Temple April 19 Corporal, Jonas Holden April 19 Drummer, Isaac Parker April 19 Fifer, Ephraim Spalding April 19 Calvin Blanchard April 19 David Bixby May 1 Abel Boynton May 5 William Chandler April 30 Samuel Craft April 19 Ephraim Dutton April 19 Benjamin Esterbrooks April 19 Levi Fletcher April 19 Josiah Fletcher April 19 Joshua Fassett April 19 Isaac Green April 19 Ephraim Heald April 19 Oliver Heald May 17 (p.112) Jonathan Hildreth April 19 David Keyes May 6 Samuel Keyes April 19 Thomas Kidder April 28 Peter Larkin April 26 John Parker April 19 John Pushee April 19 Nath'l Prentice May 2 William Read May 18 Oliver Read April 19 Stephen Read April 19 Francis Smith April 19 Silas Spalding April 19 Simeon Senter April 26 Joseph Underwood April 19 Robbin Skinner April 26 James Perry April 19 Jonas Blodgett April 19 Nath'l Holmes April 19 Perry, Blodgett and Holmes "enlisted into the artillery Company, May 24, 1775." Joseph Minott and Jonathan Hadley, both of Westford, were killed in battle June 17, 1775. Abijah Mason, also of Westford, died in camp July 30, 1775. This return of Captain Parker's Company, in the Tenth Regiment of Foot, commanded by Col. William Prescott, was made Sept. 27, 1775, and without doubt, Minott, Hadley, and Mason were members of it. The company of Capt Abijah Wyman, of Ashby, was in Col. William Prescott's regiment in that battle. The return, made Oct 3, 1775, includes the following men from Westford: Thomas Comings, Second Lieutenant; Daniel Dudley, Corporal; Philip Robbins, Corporal. Thomas Robbins Caesar Bason Oliver Barrett David Cowdry Ebenezer Corey Simeon Kemp David Fish Thaddeus Read Abner Kent Daniel Whitney Jeremiah Robbins In all 14 men. The return states that "Cesor Bason died June 17." (p.113) Mr. Francis Tinker in his sketch of Ashby, in Drake's History of Middlesex County, Vol. I, p. 223, says that Lieutenant Comings and ten men in Captain Wyman's company, were from Westford, but he does not give names. In regard to Caesar Bason, this anecdote is told on good authority. In the battle he found his powder was nearly gone and putting in his last charge, he exclaimed, "Now Caesar, give 'em one more." He fired and was himself shot, and fell back into the trench. Tradition intimates that Leonard Proctor went to Cambridge on the day before the battle and was on or near the ground. Mr. Tinker states that Jacob Bascom, of Westford, was killed. No such name occurs in our records, and there was probably a mistake in putting Bascom for Bason. Bason was a color- ed man and perhaps the servant of James Burn. There is some uncert- ainty as to his real name. In 1773 "Caesor Burn was paid 4 shillings for four crows killed in this town." Colonel Prescott, in a letter to John Adams, says: "I commanded my Lt. Col. Robinson and Maj. Woods, each with a detachment, to flank the enemy, who, I have reason to think, behaved with prudence and courage." It is stated that when the British were advancing some of the Provinc- ials fired without orders, so eager were they for the fray. This made Colonel Prescott angry. "His Lt. Col. Robinson ran round the top of the parapet and threw up the muskets." (Colonel Swett's Narrative, p. 34.) Transcribed by Janice Farnsworth

I am looking for more information about John Alburtis, who was in Moylan's Cavalry during the Revolutionary War. The online PA Archives show him in Dowingstown, Lancaster County, PA. Does anyone know if there is more information for the online Rev. War cards at the PA Archives? If so, does anyone know how to request this additional info? Thanks for any info, Lonny J. Watro

My point of sending this email is to show you where I finally obtained my information. When you get down to the fifth url where the medical collections are divided up into states, don't overlook looking into some of the other states where the war between the states took place. Nevada state has some wonderful medical information that pertains to other states. I fell over this information and when I saw all the knowledge and remembering many of the questions people have ask over a period of time, I thought these special collections held many of the answers and wanted to share that their shelved information could be obtained via interlibrary loan or via a request/question, I could resist sharing this information. Rhonda Houston http://www.hmc.psu.edu/library/Links/librarystaff.htm LIBRARY-OPERATION- RELATED WEB SITES Founded in 1901, the Pennsylvania Library Association (PaLA) is the state's oldest and most diverse professional library organization serving libraries, library employees, library trustees, and Friends of the Library groups. PaLA represents more than 1500 personal, institutional, and commercial members affiliated with public, academic, special, and school libraries throughout the Commonwealth. The association represents the profession in Harrisburg and provides opportunities for professional growth, leadership development, and continuing education for librarians. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/resources.html National Library of Medicine Resource Lists and Bibliographies http://www.nlm.nih.gov/libserv.html Library Services http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/research.html History of Medicine Resources for historical scholarship in medicine and related sciences Directory of History of Medicine Collections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/directory/directoryhome.html *****Medical Collections held by state This is the ONE you can pick the state in which there are Historical Collections held. Be sure to check ALL of the out and read which ones have that pertain to Revolutionary and Civil War medicine!! Note the first of the second paragraph about the Directory and what an individual can participate in this wonderful government exchange of information. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/directory/about.html About the Directory The collections described in this Directory provide research, reference, and interlibrary loan services to scholars interested in the history of the health sciences, including medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, nursing, and pharmacy. While the Directory is by no means exhaustive, it serves to draw attention to the depth and variety of history of medicine collections available to researchers. In the future, we expect that more institutions will wish to be included. The records are arranged alphabetically by U.S. state and city, followed by foreign collections grouped alphabetically by country. For each record, the Abstract field indicates the collection's scope of coverage and services provided. The Holdings field lists the substance of the collection and identifies guides to the collection. The person named as Contact has provided information about the collections. Interested researchers should get in touch with the contact person for more details. The Directory is an online version of the History of Medicine component of DIRLINE (Directory of Information Resources Online), a National Library of Medicine (NLM) database, which contains location and descriptive information about a wide variety of health and biomedical resources. Developed by NLM's History of Medicine Division (HMD), the DIRLINE History of Medicine component aims to assist scholars and researchers in identifying useful medical history collections throughout the world. For further information about the DIRLINE database, please consult the DIRLINE Factsheet at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/dirlinfs.html. We invite libraries, archives, and museums, which include in their collections holdings in the history of medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, nursing, and pharmacy, to become part of the DIRLINE History of Medicine component. Participating institutions must be able to respond to relevant reference questions and, in the case of libraries, interlibrary loan requests. To ensure that information is up to date, participating institutions are encouraged to keep their records current. New and revised data can be sent to the History of Medicine Division via mail, e-mail or fax. Please contact: Elizabeth Tunis History of Medicine Division National Library of Medicine Bethesda, MD 20894 Phone: (301) 402-6134 Fax: (301) 402-0872 tunise@mail.nlm.nih.gov

http://www.migrations.org/ http://www.migrations.org/links.html http://www.usgennet.org/usa/vt/state/mig/ http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/histus.html This is the one I wanted you to view and choose the one's relevant to the Revolutionary War. The ones before this one shows how I got here and are wonderful resources as well. Rhonda Houston

> Can someone recommend a source listing the populations > of cities and counties of the colonies in the 1770s? The short answer is that there is no such information available; however, there is some data available for some cities and counties. The editors of _Atlas of Early American History: The Revolutionary Era 1760-1790_ (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976) put together a bunch of maps with population dots (per 1000 inhabitants) and some pretty maps with colors showing estimated population density; however, they avoid giving any tabular information except for a few cities. The largest cities were: Albany NY 1775 = 3,700 1780 = 3,050 1790 = 3,494 Baltimore MD 1775 = 6,734 1780 = 8,000 1790 = 13,503 Boston MA 1775 = 16,000 1780 = 10,000 1790 = 18,038 Charleston SC 1775 = 14,000 1780 = 10,000 1790 = 16,359 Marblehead MA 1775 = 4,812 1780 = 4,142 1790 = 5,661 New Haven CT 1775 = not available 1780 = 3,350 1790 = 4,487 New York NY 1775 = 22,000 1780 = 18,000 1790 = 32,305 Newburyport MA 1775 = 3,000 1780 = 3,080 1790 = 4,817 Newport RI 1775 = 9,209 1780 = 5,530 1790 = 6,744 Philadelphia PA 1775 = 23,739 1780 = 27,565 1790 = 42,520 Portsmouth NH 1775 = 4,590 1780 = 4,222 1790 = 4,720 Providence RI 1775 = 4,321 1780 = 4,310 1790 = 6,371 Salem MA 1775 = 5,000 1780 = 4,008 1790 = 7,917 The following is extracted from the source notes to the map "Total Population c. 1775" "In Massachusetts the county populations were derived from the 1776 census, which includes figures for almost every town.... Where the 1776 census provided no population for a town, an estimate was computed on based on the polls of 1777, 1778, or 1781...." [Note: The district of Maine portion of the 1776 'census' was numerical based on 4.5 souls per household. The 1777 tax list at least gives names; however, it has large areas with no data] "New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut took censuses before the Revolution. The figures, for 1775 for New Hampshire and 1774 in the other two states, provided population estimates." [Note: In the summer of 1776 in NH, every male over age 21 was required to sign an oath or be named as refusing to sign. R.I. had 1774, 1777 and 1782 censuses naming heads of household and giving a breakdown of the makeup of the household. All three censuses have been published.] "For most of the counties of New York, Stella Sutherland's estimates, derived from the 1771 and 1786 cesuses were used...." [Note: Stella Helen Sutherland, _Population Distribution in Colonial America_ (New York: Columbia University Press, 1936)] "The censuses of 1772 and 1784 in New Jersey were used to estimate population in seven Counties in 1775. For the remaining counties, Sutherland's formula...." "Pennsylvania county populations were derived from the lists of taxables for 1775 or for the closest available dates...." "Sutherland estimated the 1774 population in Delaware counties, drawing on both the total population in 1775 and taxables and census figures for 1774, 1782, and 1784." "For Maryland and Virginia, population was computed from taxables lists for 1775 and 1773, respectively...." "North Carolina county population estimates for 1775 were based on taxables for 1765-1772...." "There were no local population figures available for South Carolina or Georgia before 1790...." Boib Brooks, retired on the downeast coast of Maine

Hi, I cannot answer as to whether there is 'one' list on the internet or not .... but several years ago I did a bit of research on Bunker Hill, the Monument and burying grounds. I have an 1885 pamphlet from the monument and what appears to be a strong interest from my Coburn ancestors of the mid-1800's. Why?? The man killed at the Redoubt was named a [Capt Peter?]Coburn and killed by a shot from the ship Lively in the harbor. In the NEHG Register, Volume 12, July 1858 is a paper by Gen. William H. Sumner titled 'Reminiscences of Gen. Warren and Bunker Hill' and includes an article, "although without any signature, was universally attributed to Dr. Waterhouse, and the internal evidence points to that source, for even here is an apparent unwillingness to allow to Warren the honor he so richly merited."[ 4 Jul 1825]. This article by Waterhouse is quite detailed about the incident and descriptive of Prescott and the men. This lead me to start researching the states. At that time there were few name lists online but since then many have been transcribed from the town histories etc, and can be found on line at state/counties websites. The NEHG Registers are also a good source. I can offer you a book title which may help ... from my brief notes - ------------ Biblio. Of Charleston MASS and Bunker Hill Au: Hunnewell pub 1880 Sutro Library, SF,CA - G3 LH 9299 (2 fiche set) A list of reference materials…. Bunker Hill - American Accounts New Hampshire troops engaged, see Rep. (vol. 2) for 1866, of Adj. Gen of N.H., also C.C. Cofin in Boston Globe, June 23, 1875, N.H. Provincial Papers, vol. 7. Prisoners (Amn) taken at B.H. See N.E.H. Gen Reg, xix., 263. ***Regiments in B.H. Battle, List of, see F.’s Siege, 401-4. (Sorry, I do not recall what the F stood for) B.H. - British Accounts Burgoyne, Gen. J. Letter to Lord Stanley, June 25, 1775, with observations on same letter, Ellis 106-14. NEHG Reg. Xi., 125. Copy p.23, 24, 25 Historical Records 4th Foot (p.64), 5th (42), 10th (38), 18th (48), etc. 8(o) R. Cannon. London (1837). Lamb, Serg., (Welch Fusileers). Journal of Occurrences during the late Am. War. Copy p. 27 copy p. 28 Bunker Hill Monument - History and Description p.31 1783 - Welsh, Dr. Thos. Oration at Boston, March 5, 1783, commemorative of the Boston Massacre. 4 (o). pp.18. Boston, 1783 Author b. C. 1751, oration reprinted with others, sm. 8?. Boston 1785. This year the Meeting house was built (see above) and King Solomen’s Lodge was chartered (see 1785, 86,94,96,97) 1796 - Welsh, Thos. M.D. “An Eulogy, delivered June 29, 1796, at the Meeting House in C. *** In Memory of the Honourable Nathaniel Gorham, Esquire, who died June 11, 1796, pp. 16. [end] CT - This is one CT website which has lists of BH men - http://w3.nai.net/~lmerrell/windham.html (search=Bunker Hill) NY - List of soldiers http://www.rootsweb.com/~nychauta/MILITARY/REVSOL.HTM NH - Some NH website which has lists of BH soldiers - http://www.usgennet.org/usa/nh/county/hillsborough/goffstown/revsoldiers.html http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~mlmckenzie/CheshireCoNH/DublinRev/names.htm http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~mlmckenzie/CheshireCoNH/DublinRev/additions.htm BOOKNOTES - History of Milford NH 1901 by George A. Ramsdell Family Registers by William P. Colburn Published by the Town Committee of Publication: George A. Worcester, Clinton S. Averill, William P. Colburn, John W. Crosby, John E. Foster, William H.W. Hinds. Concord, NH; The Rumford Press 1901. Committee selected April 15, 1891. Chapter VI – Milford Men at Bunker Hill p. 53 The number of NH men at Bunker Hill (more than half the American force), after much research, is fixed at 1,230. [end] Jan

The British casualies at Bunker Hill were: KILLED Lieut. Col. 1 Major 2 Captain 7 Lieutenant 9 Ensign -- Serjeant 15 Drummer 1 Rank & File 191 TOTAL 226 WOUNDED Lieut. Col. -- Major 3 Captain 27 Lieutenant 32 Ensign 8 Serjeants 40 Drummer 12 Rank & File 706 TOTAL 828 CASUALTIES TOTAL 1,054 Ref: Robert Beatson, _Naval and Military Memoirs of Great Britain from 1727 to 1783_ (London, 1804), vol. 6, pp. 27-29.

Douglas.Bonforte@bmdo.osd.mil wrote: > Can someone recommend a source listing the populations of cities and counties of the colonies in the 1770s? Douglas, I'd go to this address and let them help you!! When I lived in Uxbridge, MA, which was 35 minutes from Worcester, these people's assistance were wonderful to work with; just look below at all that they have to offer!! Rhonda Houston American Antiquarian Society The American Antiquarian Society offers a wealth of historical resources, housing two-thirds of all primary source materials printed between 1640 and 1821. Their collection serves a worldwide community of students, teachers, historians, biographers, genealogists, and authors. American Antiquarian Society 185 Salisbury Street Worcester, MA 01609-1634 (508) 755-5221

this is A Worcester (MA) Polytechnic Institute - Military Science - Army ROTC website American Antiquarian Society The American Antiquarian Society offers a wealth of historical resources, housing two-thirds of all primary source materials printed between 1640 and 1821. Their collection serves a worldwide community of students, teachers, historians, biographers, genealogists, and authors. American Antiquarian Society 185 Salisbury Street Worcester, MA 01609-1634 (508) 755-5221 http://www.wpi.edu/Academics/Depts/MilSci/BTSI/Hill/hill_pre.html Between June 13 - 15, the British planned to launch a coordinated attack on June 18 to secure Dorchester Heights. These seized and fortified, the British would pinch out Roxbury by converging attacks across the Dorchester and Boston necks. After establishing a fortified outpost there, they would make an amphibious landing on the Charlestown Peninsula and then drive the Americans from Cambridge. Executed with surprise, speed and determination, this plan easily could have been successful. Discovery of the redoubt on Breed's Hill changed the British priorities. They viewed the new fortification as both a threat and an opportunity. If allowed to consolidate their position on the Charlestown Peninsula and emplace heavy guns there, they could probably make Boston untenable for the British. However, these Americans on Breed's Hill appeared to be isolated, their defenses incomplete: A prompt counterattack should round up the lot of them, and might open up a chance of breaking up the Yankee Army. Disposition of Forces Prior to the Battle The following tables are taken from Elting's "The Battle of Bunker's Hill." Massachusetts Army, 17JUN1775 Colonel Regiment Date Certified Station Privates Gerrish, S 25 19MAY Cambridge 421 Learned, E 14 19MAY Roxbury Read, J 06 20MAY Roxbury Scammon, J 13 24MAY Cambridge 396 Thomas, J 02 26MAY Roxbury Ward, A 01 26MAY Cambridge 449 Gardner, T 15 26MAY Cambridge 425 Patterson, J 12 26MAY Cambridge 422 Prescott, W 09 26MAY Cambridge 456 Cotton, T 04 26MAY Roxbury Bridge, E 11 26MAY Cambridge 315 Whitcomb, A 05 26MAY Cambridge 470 Frye, J 10 26MAY Cambridge 493 Doolittle, E 18 26MAY Cambridge 308 Walker, T 03 26MAY Roxbury Danielson, T 08 26MAY Roxbury Mansfield, J 07 27MAY Cambridge 345 Fellows, J 17 29MAY Roxbury Nixon, J 16 02JUN Cambridge 224 Glover, J 23 07JUN Marblehead Heath, W 21 14JUN Roxbury Brewer, D 20 17JUN Roxbury Brewer, J 19 17JUN Cambridge 318 Woodbridge, B 22 18JUN Cambridge 242 Little, M 24 18JUN Cambridge 400 Gridley, R ART 18JUN Cambridge & Roxbury 370 Massachusetts Totals 6054 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- New Hampshire Army, 17JUN1775 Colonel Regiment Station Privates Stark, J 1 Medford 750 Poor, E 2 New Hampshire 486 Reed, J 3 West of Charlestown Neck 220 Sargent, P Lechmere's Point New Hampsire Totals 1456 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- Connecticut Army, 17JUN1775 Colonel Regiment Station Privates Wooster, D 1 New York area Spencer, J 2 Roxbury/Cambridge 1000 Putnam, I 3 Cambridge 1000 Hinman, B 4 Ticonderoga Waterbury, D 5 New York area Parsons, S 6 New London/Camb 200 Connecticut Totals 1200 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- Rhode Island Army, 17JUN1775 Colonel Station Privates Church, T Roxbury 500 Hitchcock, D Roxbury 500 Varnum, J Roxbury Rhode Island Totals 1000 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- Approximate Combat Strength of a Typical Regiment Colony Organization Massachusetts Regiment of 10 companies, each of 3 officers and 56 enlisted men per company New Hampshire Similar to Massachusetts Connecticut Regiment of 10 companies of 100 men each Rhode Island 1500 man brigade of three regiments of eight companies each. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- British Forces in Boston Unit Strength Portion Engaged 4th Foot 290 Flank Companies 5th Foot 300 Entire Regiment 10th Foot 360 Flank Companies 23rd Foot 280 Flank Companies 35th Foot 450 Flank Companies 38th Foot 300 Entire Regiment 43rd Foot 300 Entire Regiment 47th Foot 280 Entire Regiment 49th Foot 450 Not Engaged 52nd Foot 300 Entire Regiment 59th Foot 230 Flank Companies 63rd Foot 450 Flank Companies 64th Foot 420 Not Engaged "Incorporated Companies" 270 Flank Companies Marines 1000 Both Battalions 17th Light Dragoons 196 Not Engaged Recruits 422 Not Engaged 4 Companies Artillery 144 Elements Total 6442 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- Approximate Combat Strength of a Typical Regiment Personnel Quantity Cumulative Strength Effective Rank-and-File 280 280 Sergeants Present 28 308 Drummers Present 13 321 Officers Present 21 342 Sick, Confined, Furlough or Detached 49 293 Detached Flank Companies, Officers and Men 90 203 Pioneers, assigned to Artillery Company 3 200 Camp Guard Left in Boston 24 176 LTC, MAJ, Adjutant 3 173 Officers and men in 8 battalion companies 173 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- Naval Forces Under Command of ADM Graves, as of 01JAN1775 Guns Ships 70 Asia, BOYNE* 64 SOMERSET* 50 PRESTON* 28 Tartar 20 Mercury, GLASGOW, Rose, Fowey, LIVELY, Scarborough (6 lbs) 18 SYMMETRY 9 lbs (Army) 16 Swan, Kingfisher, Tamer 14 FALCON 6 lbs 08 Canceaux, Savage, Cruizer 06 Diana, Hope, Magdalan, St. John, Gaspee, Halifax, Diligent, SPITFIRE(3 lbs, not commissioned) 02 2 gondolas with 2-12 lbs. (Army) Capitalized names are of ships in Boston harbor at the time of the seige. An asterix denotes the named ship was not actively engaged in the siege. A 20-gun ship was normally armed with 9-pounders, smaller ships with 6-pounders, and the larger vessels with 18- or 24-pounders. The effective range of an 18- or 24-pounder was over 1200 yards. Gunnery was so inaccurate, however, that these weapons posed little threat to an entrenched infantry several hundred yards inland. Starting Locations of Forces For reasons unknown, the rebels costructed their redoubt on Breed's Hill and not on Bunker's Hill, as originally planned. Breed's Hill measured only 60 feet in height, as compared to Bunker's 110 feet, and was closer to the eastern and southern shorelines, making it a target for artillery both offshore and in Boston. Breed's proximity to Boston also posed a more substantive threat to the British encamped in the town, ensuring their immediate retaliation. After construction of the redoubt, COL Prescot extended the defenses to the north by almost three hundred feet with the construction of breastworks. Colonels Knowlton and Stark were given the task of securing the American left flank, along the Mystic River. Knowlton added to a pre-existing stone wall which ran north to the beach. Stark extended the wall with wooden rails to the edge of the water. As the edges of the breastworks and stone wall did not meet, other men built fleches to plug the gap. With the addition of snipers in abandoned buildings in Charlestown, the Americans had created a line of defenders from 2500 - 4000 strong, depending on accounts. The British started in Boston, delayed in their attack by both the tide and a shortage of boats. General Gage's senior officer, General Howe, planned to move westward from Moulton's point, flank the redoubt on Breed's Hill, capture Bunker Hill and Charlestown Neck, and encircle the colonials. Action Seeing the newly constructed redoubt on Breed's Hill, the British began their advance by landing their infantry on the Charlestown Peninsula. The 5th and 38th Light Infantry proceeded from Long Wharf; in Boston, the 43rd, 57th and 47th Light Infantry moved in from North Battery. During this time, the British Navy supplied artillery fire from gunboats and ships offshore. GEN Howe landed at Morton's Point, north east of Breed's Hill, and advanced his columns along Mystic River beach, hoping to encircle the fortification and cut it off from reinforcements from the Cambridge area. The British advance was hampered by stone walls, which were difficult to see in the tall grass. Picking their way forward, Howe then saw Stark's newly constructed fence continuing the line of an existing stone wall to the edge of the Mystic River, effectively blocking Howe's proposed route. Howe also found difficulty moving his artillery through the marshy terrain. In addition to mobility problems, the cannon were found to be supplied with wrong sized shot. These events kept the effectiveness of the superior British artillery to a minimum. In preparation for the coming battle, Colonel Stark planted a wooden stake in the ground 35 yards from his men's position at the rail fence and stone wall. The defenders were instructed to fire as the advancing British crossed the line of the stake, to aim low, and to aim at British officers. In spite of some premature shots, as Howe's columns advanced to 35 yds from the stone fence, the majority of the rebels opened fire. While serving in the French and Indian War, Stark had learned the tactic of firing in ranks, as opposed to the more common practice of firing in a single unit volley. He used that technique here, decimating whole companies of British Light Infantry. The proximity and the sustained rate of the fire kept the British from mounting a bayonet charge. The Infantry survivors broke and ran, leaving 96 dead. The Grenadiers, delayed by broken terrain and stone fences hidden in the tall grass, then attacked, suffering the same fate as the Infantry. They fell back in disarray, leaving the beach soaked in blood. Regrouping quickly, Howe planned his second assault to use the same avenue of approach, turning left at the last moment to attack the fleches constructed north of the redoubt. Coordinated with Howe's attack was Pigot's assault directly on the redoubt. Howe was again repulsed hard, suffering horrible casualties. Understrength to begin with, regiments of 400 or so men were reduced to less than ten men each. Meanwhile, Pigot led the 38th and 43rd Light Infantry Regiments up the east side of the redoubt, while elements of the 47th Light Infantry, the Marines and six flank companies assailed the south. The fire from the fortification, similar in execution to the fire at the fence, halted the charge cold and sent the British back in disarray. Watching the battle from Boston, GEN Clinton, on his own initiative, led the last British reserves to Charlestown Peninsula. Howe then regrouped his shattered formations and planned his next move. He began to regard the rebels as an enemy army, not just a band of rabble. Having been repulsed twice in the same manner, Howe changed his tactics to counter the colonists' advantage. He ordered his men to drop their heavy packs and use only bayonets in the final charge. Thus, they could close more quickly, and would not waste time firing at the entrenched rebels. Howe was also able to employ his cannon, having been moved into position. The artillery fired grapeshot, to solve the problem of wrong sized shot, to both pin Stark's men at the rail fence to prevent them moving out, and to rake the breastworks of the redoubt. In the redoubt, many of Prescott's men had panicked and fled by this time. He had only 150 remaining, and was low on powder, shot and water. His men found themselves firing bits of stone and bent nails at the redcoats. Howe feinted the remnants of the 5th, the 52nd and the grenadiers toward the fence, and wheeled south to the north side of the redoubt. Pigot attacked the east side, and Pitcairn took the Marines and the rest of the 47th against the south. The Americans fired as the British entered close range, again inflicting withering losses. Their ammunition ran out, however, and the British closed with bayonets. The Americans, not supplied with close fighting weapons, fell back, taking most of their casualties at this time. Stark's men, retreating from the rail fence, prevented Prescott's men from being encircled. The retreat was carried out in good order preventing a rout. Outcome The Americans were forced to withdraw, but not before inflicting upon the British surprisingly heavy casualties. The revolution became a real war in the minds of Americans and British alike. Never again would the American rebels be treated as a third rate mob. The colonials had their first real taste of warfare in defense of their freedom. They found that the effectiveness of their fighting ability had been compromised by, among other factors, supply shortages, lack of discipline, and inter-colony rivalries. Lessons Learned Both armies had fought courageously and learned much. For the Redcoats, the lesson was painful. Although they had captured the hill, out of 2200 soldiers engaged, 1034 were casualties. The British attempted no further actions outside Boston for the next nine months. When Howe replaced Gage as military commander in America, the events of that day would continue to haunt him, and he would time and again fail to follow up a victory over the Americans. The Americans had shown they could stand up to the British in traditional open field combat. But where they had succeeded, it had been through individual gallantry rather than tactical planning or discipline. Some regiments had fought well, others not at all. Of an estimated 2500 to 4000 men engaged, 400 to 600 were casualties. Stronger leadership would be critical to success in further battles. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---- Rhonda Houston

I meant to say Charlestown ............ Edd.S. ----- Original Message ----- From: "Edbld" <ees@prodigy.net> To: <AMERICAN-REVOLUTION-L@rootsweb.com> Sent: Monday, February 11, 2002 6:33 PM Subject: Re: [A-REV] Bunker Hill--Known Killed in Action? > I found this URL on the Google search engine, but it does not have any > reference to the names of those invovled, actually it has very little on > the site( mostly about Cambridge) > Edd Sinnett > > > http://charlestown.ma.us/monument.html > ----- Original Message ----- > From: <JamRog624@aol.com> > To: <AMERICAN-REVOLUTION-L@rootsweb.com> > Sent: Monday, February 11, 2002 5:02 PM > Subject: Re: [A-REV] Bunker Hill--Known Killed in Action? > > > > I think the Bunker Hill Monument has the names of those killed but I dont > > have and cannot > > find the monument inscriiptions > > > > > > ==== AMERICAN-REVOLUTION Mailing List ==== > > > > > > > > ============================== > > To join Ancestry.com and access our 1.2 billion online genealogy records, > go to: > > http://www.ancestry.com/rd/redir.asp?targetid=571&sourceid=1237 > > > > > ==== AMERICAN-REVOLUTION Mailing List ==== > > > > ============================== > To join Ancestry.com and access our 1.2 billion online genealogy records, go to: > http://www.ancestry.com/rd/redir.asp?targetid=571&sourceid=1237 >